ABSTRACT
As part of the national effort to control
schistosomiasis, the Jigawa State Ministry of Heath embarked on health
education campaign and provision of chemotherapy to school aged children in
2009 and 2013. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess some side effect of
praziquentel administration on schistosomiasis among pupils in kudaiyamma,
Dutse metropolis. A cross sectional study design involving 80 school pupils,
aged 9-15years, was conducted in kudai primary schools in Dutse, Metropolis in
2022. The urine samples were examined using the sedimentation method for the presence
of Schistosomahaematobium eggs. Demographic and associated risk factors
information was collected through a structured medical report form and was
subjected to Epi Info software version 7.2 to test for the significant
association of the prevalence. The overall prevalence for schistosomiasis was
10.67% out of 80 pupils examined, with 8.0% and 2.67% infected withS.
haematobium respectively at P>0.283. males had higher prevalence rate of
53.73% for S. haematobium
respectively than females with prevalence of 46.25%. The difference was
found to be statistically significant at P> 0.283. The age group between
9-11years recorded the highest prevalence rate of 37.5% while the least
prevalence rate of and 30% was observed in the 13-15 age groups and no significant
difference in prevalence observed at P> 0.283. With regards to water contact
activities, higher prevalence rate was observed in children that uses borehole
a source of water 21.25% respectively
than children that uses irrigation and Wells with infection rate of 12.5% and
17.5% fetches and there was no
significant difference observed (P> 0.283). From the results obtained, it is
concluded that the area is still endemic for urinary Schistosomiasis. However,
there was a drop in the prevalence from 35% before chemotherapy to 6.25%
reported in this study. Health Education programmes should be organized in
schools to enlighten the children on the causes and mode of transmission of the
disease.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Contents page
Cover Page
...........................................................................................................i
Title
Page………………………………………...........................................ii
Declaration
………………………………………………………..........................iii
Certification
………………………………………………………................................iv
Dedication……………………………………………………………….............................v
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………….…………….vi
Abstract
...............................................................................................................vii
Table of Content ......................................................................................viii-x
List of Tables
...................................................................................................xi
List of
Figures
........................................................................xii
List of
plates………………………………………………………………..…xiii
CHAPTER ONE
...............................................................................................1
1.0
Introduction..............................................................................................1
1.1 Statement of research problem
………..............................................2
1.2. Significance of the
study...................................................................
2
1.3 Aim and
objectives............................................................
3
1.3.1 Aim.........................................................................................3
1.3.2
Objectives..........................................................................................
3
1.4 Research
hypotheses..........................................................................3
1.5 Scope
and limitations.........................................................................3
CHAPTER
TWO..................................................................................
4
2.0
Literature review...........................................................................4
2.1
History of
schistosome.......................................................................4
2.2
Classification of
schistosome......................................................
5
2.3
General morphology of schistosome................................................................................................6
2.4
lifecycle........................................................................................................................................8-10
2.5
Epidemiology.................................................................................................................................12
2.6
Geographical distribution...................................................................12
2.7
Mode of
transmission...................................................................................................................
13
2.8
Prevalence................................................................................................................................... 13
2.9
Pathogenesis..................................................................................................................................14
2.9.1
Pathology associated with Adult
worm........................................................................................14
2.9.2
Pathology associated with schistosomal
egg........................15-16
2.10
Socio- economic
Burden..........................................................16-17
2.11
Diagnosis of
schistosomiasis.......................................................18
2.12
Symptoms..................................................................................................................................
19
2.13
Treatment.....................................................................................................................................20
2.14
Control........................................................................................................................................20
2.14.1
Control through the intermediate
host........................................................................................21
2.15
Prevention..................................................................................................................................23
2.16
Eradication.................................................................................................................................
24
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................25
3.0 Materials and
method.........................................................................................................................25
3.1 Description of the Study
area..............................................................................................................25
3.1.1 Dutse
community.............................................................................................................................25
3. 2
Study
design......................................................................................................................................26
3.2.1 Map of the study
area.......................................................................................................................27
3.3
Sample size
determination................................................................................................................28
3.4
Statistical Analysis............................................................................................................................28
3.5
Ethical
clearance..............................................................................................................................28
3.6
Development and Administration of
Questionnaire........................................................................29
3.7 Population and sample size
technique...............................................................................................29
3.8 Sample
collection..................................................................................................................................29
3.9 Laboratory analysis of
urine...............................................................................................................29
3.9.1
Macroscopic examination of the urine
samples.................................................................................29
3.9.2
Microscopic examination...................................................................................................................30
3.9.2.1
Filteration
Techniques....................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER FOUR...................................................................................................................................31
4.0
Results and
Discussion...........................................................................................................................32
4.1.
Results...................................................................................................................................................32
TABLE
4.1.................................................................................................................................................32
TABLE
4.2.................................................................................................................................................34
TABLE 4.3.................................................................................................................................................36
PLATE 1………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
4.2
Discussion........................................................................................................................................38-40
CHAPTER FIVE.................................................................................................................................41
5.0
Conclusion and
recommendations.........................................................................................................41
5.1
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................41
5.2
Recommendations..................................................................................................................................41
REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................42-48
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1 Age And
Gender Prevalence Of
Schistosomiasis Among
Pupils…………………………..………………32
Table 4.2 Prevalence
Of Schistosomiasis Base On Source Of
Water………………………………………………………34
Table 4.3 Some Side
Effects Of Praziquantel Tablet On
Pupils……………………………………………………………….36
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Morphology of
Schistosome…………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
Figure 2. Lifecycle Of Schistosome
……………………………………………………………………………………….…….…………11
Figure 3. Praziquantel Drugs
………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….22
Figure 4. Map Of Study Area
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27
LIST
OF PLATES
Plate 1. Egg Of SchistosomaHaematobium Under X40 Objectives Lens…………………………………….…………37
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.0.1 SCHISTOSOMA
Schistosomiasis
or bilharziasis is a parasitic disease caused by flukes (trematodes) of the
genus Schistosoma. It is most prevalent neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)
after malaria and intestinal helminthiasis (Sturrock, 2001). Schistosomiasis is
the third most devastating tropical disease in the world, being a major public
health problem in many developing countries in Africa, South America, the
Middle East, with Nigeria having the greatest number of cases of
schistosomiasis worldwide, with about 29 million infected cases (Hotez and
Kamth 2009), and about 101 million people are at risk of infection (Steinman et
al, 2006). More than 207 million people, 80% of who live in Africa are
infected with schistosomiasis (WHO, 2010). An estimated of 700 million people
are at risk of infection in 76 contries where the disease is considered endemic
(WHO, 2010), as their agricultural work, domestic chores and recreational
activities expose them to infected water. Globally 200,000 deaths are
attributed to schistosomiasis annually (Chistulo et al, 2004). The five
species of schistosoma that causes the disease worldwide include S.
haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum, and S. mekongi
(Wetsteyn et al., 2005). Each species has a well defined distribution
which is important in diagnosis. Among which three species S. haematobium,
S. japonicum and S. mansoni account for greater percent (95%) of all human
cases of schistosomiasis found in the world (Mutapi et al, 2003). In Nigeria,
two species are pathogenic to man these are S. haematobium and S.
mansoni. According to (Stothard et al., 2013) and (Meltzer et al,
2006). the disease caused by S. haematobium is characterized by bloody
urine, calcification of bladder, and kidney failure and bladder cancer in
children. And it is the major cause of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS).
Schistosomiasis prevalence and morbidity is highest among school children,
adolescent and majority of the federation, particularly in the Southern states.
This makes intervention and control measures more difficult as such information
is crucial to identify and implement effective control measures. Considering
this context, the present study has aimed to investigate the method of
dediction of nitrate bacteria in urine of urinary schistosomiasis using the
Kato Katz technique and sedimentation method in Dutse Local Government of
Jigawa state.
1.1
STATEMENT OF THE RESEACHE PROBLEM
Schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical
disease in the world, being a major public health problem in many developing
countries in Africa, South America, the Middle East, with Nigeria having the
greatest number of cases of schistosomiasis worldwide, with about 29 million
infected cases (Hotez and Kamth 2009), and about 101 million people are at risk
of infection (Steinman et al., 2006).
Chronic infection with schistosomiasis can cause
malnutrition and Iron deficiency anaemia, and can also adversely affect
physical and mental growth in childhood. Urogenital schistosomiasis, caused by S.
haematobium is characterized by haematuria, dysuria, bladder wall
pathology, hydronephrosis and it can also lead to squamous cell carcinoma in schistosomiasis,
the Jigawa State Ministry of Health embarked on chemotherapy on children in
2009 to 2013 as well as enlightenment campaign to stop transmission. There was
no assessment done on the control effort, therefore this research is attempt to
do so.
1.2
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
This result will provide information of some side
effects of praziquantel administration on schistosomiasis infection among
infected pupils that will indicate the success or otherwise of the 2009 and
2013 chemotherapy in interrupting transmission in the study area. This is
useful in continuous planning and executing control program.
1.3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 AIM
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of
some side effects of praziquantel administration in the treatment of
schistosomiasis infection among Kudai Yamma
Primary School Pupils in Dutse, Jigawa state.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES;
The specific objectives of this study are to determine;
I. Prevalence
and risk factors associated with Schistosomiasis infection among pupils.
ii. Some side
effects of praziquantel administration among school aged children (6-15) years
in Kudai Yamma Primary School Pupils in Dutse,
Jigawa state.
1.4 RESARCH HYPHOTHESES
i. Schistosomiasis infection among Kudai Yamma Primary
School pupils (6-15) years in Dutse Metropolis in pre and post chemotherapy.
1.5
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This research was restricted to only Kudai Yamma Primary
school in Dutse, Jigawa State. Due to time constraint and inadequate financial
support.
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