ABSTRACT
This study aims at evaluating the effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica on the germination and seedling growth of Arachis hypogea. The research was carried out in the screen house of the college of crop and soil sciences Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Umuahia. Thirty planting buckets were filled with soil and was used for the research. Six seeds of A. hypogaea was planted in each bucket and was thinned to three seedlings after germination. Seedlings were sprayed with 15ml of extracts three times in a week and treatment was carried out for 28 days. The germination percentage was investigated in the laboratory using cotton wool laid on petri dishes. Seedlings treatment was made moist with 2.0ml of extracts and its dilutions 1:1, 1:2.5 1:5 v/v were used as treatments and distilled water served as the control. Treatment of the seeds of A. hypogea with leaf and bark shows that the extracts of A. indica did not have any significant effect on the germination percentage of the seeds of the plant. Though the extracts caused a decrease in the germination percentage of the seeds of the plants. Treatment of the plants with aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A. indica significantly (P<0.05) affected the height of A. hypogea. Treatments led to significant decrease in the height of the plants used in the study. Concentration of the extract affected the height of the plants. As the concentration of the extracts increased, the height of the plants decreased. Generally, the leaf extracts had more inhibitory effect when compared with the bark extract. The aqueous leaf extract of A. indica had significant effect (P<0.05) on the dry weight of A. hypogea on the other hand, the aqueous leaf extract had no significant effect on the dry weight of A. hypogea. The leaf and bark aqueous extracts of A. indica tend to decrease the dry weight of the plants. Generally, as the concentration of the extract increases, the dry weight of the plant decreased. In conclusion, the aqueous leaf and bark extract of A.indica had inhibitory effects on both the germination and seedling growth of A. Hypogaea.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
page I
Declaration II
Certification III
Dedication IV
Acknowledgement V
Table
of Contents VI
List of
Tables VII
List of
Figures VIII
Abstract IX
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.1
Introduction 1
1.2
Justification 2
1.3
Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO 4
Literature
review 4
2.1
The effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica on germnation and seedling of groundnut
2.2
Botany of Azadirachta indica (Neem) 4
CHAPTER THREE 10
Materials and method 10
3.1
Study area 10
3.2
Collection of soil and plant sample 10
3.3
Sources of material 10
3.4 Preparation of Aqueous Extracts 10
3.5 Seedling Growth Test 11
3.6 Dry Weight Determination 11
3.7 Measurement Parameters 11
CHAPTER FOUR 13
Result 13
4.1 Germination Percentage 13
4.2
Height Growth 14
4.3 Dry Matter Production 15
CHAPTER FIVE 16
5.1 Discussion 16
5.2 Conclusion 17
5.3 Recommendation 17
REFERENCE
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 1:
Effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A.
indica on seed germination percentage of A. hypogea.
Table 2:
Effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A.
indica on Height (cm) of A. hypogea.
Table 3: Effect
of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A.
indica on Dry weight (g) of A.
hypogea
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: Seedlings of A. hypogea treated with 1:1, 1:2.5 and
1: 5 (v/v) aqueous extract of leaf and bark of A. indica.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The
phenomenon of allelopathy encompasses all types of direct and indirect chemical
interactions among plants and microorganism (Einhelling, 2002). Almost all
kinds of plants species could produce allelochemicals that vary among plants
species and plant part and growing stages and could be harmful and poisonous
for one or more species (Sodaeizadeh et
al., 2009; Oueslati, 2010; Beyans et
al., 2010). Evaluating allelopathic effect of plant species could be
important in different environmental conditions such as producing agricultural
crops (Xuan et al.,2012; Olabode 2010).
Allelopathy is derived from two greek words allelon of each other: and pathos:
to suffer; (Singh, Batish and Kholi, 2003). It therefore translates literally
as mutual suffering. Allelopathy is described as the beneficial and deleterious
biochemical interaction between plants and microorganism (Putnam, 1986). (Rice
1984) defined allelopathy as any direct or indirect effect by one plant
including microorganisms, on another through the production of chemical
compounds that escape into the environment and subsequently influence the
growth and development of neighboring plants. Allelopathic compounds, often
considered plant-produced herbicides, can inhibit growth of nearby plants.
These compounds could be an alternative weed management stpercentagegy for crop
production and can offer environmental benefits (Colquhoun, 2006). Since
biosynthesized herbicides are easily biodegradable, they are believed to be
much safer than synthesized herbicides (Machado, 2007). A more appropriate
definition for allelopathy is the phenomenon where a plant species chemically interferes
with the germination, growth and development of other plant species and has
been known for over two (2) thousand years (Ashrafi et al., 2008). In agricultural practices, allelopathy is exploited
for weed control (Kohli et al., 1998).
Association and disassociation pattern between certain plant species are wildly
known. Such phenomenon maybe governed by direct competition for necessary
growth factors or through addition of allelopathic chemicals into the soil
environment (Einhelling, 1996; Ashrafi et
al., 2007). (Willis 1985), pointed out that allelopathy is not a new concept.
Theophrastus (300 B.C) first noticed the deleterious effect of cabbage on vine
and suggested that it is due to odours. Allelochemicals are present in all
plant tissues, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, and they can be released
into the environment through various ways (Zeng et al., 2008).
Allelopathy is also regarded to be a mechanism by which weeds affect seed
germination, dynamics and growth of field crops (Benyas et al., 2010). Some of those compounds are released into the
environment through leaching, litter decomposition, root or direct
volatilization and could affect either positively or negatively on germination
and growth of other species (Gross and Parthies, 1994; Seligler, 1996). Such
positive or negative effect are due to release of active biomolecules commonly
called as “Allelochemicals” (Albuquereque et
al., 2010). Allelochemicals are known as secondary metabolites and are
produced by byproducts of primary metabolic pathways (Rice, 1984; Putnam and
Tang 1986 and Rizvi et al., 1992). keeping
the above view in mind, the present work was undertaken to study the
allelopathic effect of Azadirachta indica
A.juss Linn. on germination and seed growth of Arachis hypogeal. In general, allelochemical
plays multiple roles on the physiology of crop plants. It can inhibit plant
growth, alter mineral uptake, cause stomatal closure and induce water
stress, influence respiration, affect photosynthesis and protein synthesis
impair hormone balance and alter enzyme activities
1.2 Justification
The present research is aim at investigating the
influence of aqueous leaf and bark extract of A. indica on germination and seed growth of groundnut. This is due
to the need to reduce harmful environmental effects from the overuse of
management systems which are dependent on ecological manipulations rather than
agrochemicals.
1.3 Objective
The objectives of this work are to determine;
1. The
effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta
indica on the germination percentage of groundnut (Arachis hypogea).
2. The
effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta
indica on the seedling growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogea).
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