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EFFECT OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA L. ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF ARACHIS HYPOGEA L.

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009697

No of Pages: 38

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

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ABSTRACT

This study aims at evaluating the effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica on the germination and seedling growth of Arachis hypogea. The research was carried out in the screen house of the college of crop and soil sciences Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, Umuahia. Thirty planting buckets were filled with soil and was used for the research. Six seeds of A. hypogaea was planted in each bucket and was thinned to three seedlings after germination. Seedlings were sprayed with 15ml of extracts three times in a week and treatment was carried out for 28 days. The germination percentage was investigated in the laboratory using cotton wool laid on petri dishes. Seedlings treatment was made moist with 2.0ml of extracts and its dilutions 1:1, 1:2.5 1:5 v/v were used as treatments and distilled water served as the control. Treatment of the seeds of A. hypogea with leaf and bark shows that the extracts of A. indica did not have any significant effect on the germination percentage of the seeds of the plant. Though the extracts caused a decrease in the germination percentage of the seeds of the plants. Treatment of the plants with aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A. indica significantly (P<0.05) affected the height of A. hypogea. Treatments led to significant decrease in the height of the plants used in the study. Concentration of the extract affected the height of the plants. As the concentration of the extracts increased, the height of the plants decreased. Generally, the leaf extracts had more inhibitory effect when compared with the bark extract. The aqueous leaf extract of A. indica had significant effect (P<0.05) on the dry weight of A. hypogea on the other hand, the aqueous leaf extract had no significant effect on the dry weight of A. hypogea. The leaf and bark aqueous extracts of A. indica tend to decrease the dry weight of the plants. Generally, as the concentration of the extract increases, the dry weight of the plant decreased. In conclusion, the aqueous leaf and bark extract of A.indica had inhibitory effects on both the germination and seedling growth of A. Hypogaea.





TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                                                                                I                                                                                                                                  

Declaration                                                                                                                             II                                                                                                                                

Certification                                                                                                                           III                                                                                                                               

Dedication                                                                                                                              IV                                                                                                                               

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  V                                                                                                                    

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   VI                                                                                                                   

List of Tables                                                                                                                          VII                                                                                                                  

List of Figures                                                                                                                         VIII                                                                                                                

Abstract                                                                                                                                  IX                                                                                                                               

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                   1

1.1           Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.2           Justification                                                                                                                2

1.3           Objectives                                                                                                                   3

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                                                  4

Literature review                                                                                                                    4

2.1 The effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica on germnation and seedling of groundnut          

2.2 Botany of Azadirachta indica (Neem)                                                                             4

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                              10

 Materials and method                                                                                                            10

3.1 Study area                                                                                                                         10

3.2 Collection of soil and plant sample                                                                                  10

3.3 Sources of material                                                                                                           10

3.4 Preparation of Aqueous Extracts                                                                                      10

3.5 Seedling Growth Test                                                                                                       11

3.6 Dry Weight Determination                                                                                               11

3.7 Measurement Parameters                                                                                                 11

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                                                                13

 Result                                                                                                                                     13

4.1 Germination Percentage                                                                                                   13

4.2 Height Growth                                                                                                                  14

4.3 Dry Matter Production                                                                                                      15

CHAPTER FIVE                                                                                                                  16

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                                         16

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                                        17

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                             17

REFERENCE                        

                                                                                               

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A. indica on seed germination percentage of A.   hypogea.

Table 2: Effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A. indica on Height (cm) of A. hypogea.

Table 3: Effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of A. indica on Dry weight (g) of A. hypogea

 

 

 


 

 

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

 

Fig 1: Seedlings of A. hypogea treated with 1:1, 1:2.5 and 1: 5 (v/v) aqueous extract of leaf and bark of A. indica.

 

  

 

 

CHAPTER ONE


1.1 INTRODUCTION

The phenomenon of allelopathy encompasses all types of direct and indirect chemical interactions among plants and microorganism (Einhelling, 2002). Almost all kinds of plants species could produce allelochemicals that vary among plants species and plant part and growing stages and could be harmful and poisonous for one or more species (Sodaeizadeh et al., 2009; Oueslati, 2010; Beyans et al., 2010). Evaluating allelopathic effect of plant species could be important in different environmental conditions such as producing agricultural crops (Xuan et al.,2012; Olabode 2010). Allelopathy is derived from two greek words allelon of each other: and pathos: to suffer; (Singh, Batish and Kholi, 2003). It therefore translates literally as mutual suffering. Allelopathy is described as the beneficial and deleterious biochemical interaction between plants and microorganism (Putnam, 1986). (Rice 1984) defined allelopathy as any direct or indirect effect by one plant including microorganisms, on another through the production of chemical compounds that escape into the environment and subsequently influence the growth and development of neighboring plants. Allelopathic compounds, often considered plant-produced herbicides, can inhibit growth of nearby plants. These compounds could be an alternative weed management stpercentagegy for crop production and can offer environmental benefits (Colquhoun, 2006). Since biosynthesized herbicides are easily biodegradable, they are believed to be much safer than synthesized herbicides (Machado, 2007). A more appropriate definition for allelopathy is the phenomenon where a plant species chemically interferes with the germination, growth and development of other plant species and has been known for over two (2) thousand years (Ashrafi et al., 2008). In agricultural practices, allelopathy is exploited for weed control (Kohli et al., 1998). Association and disassociation pattern between certain plant species are wildly known. Such phenomenon maybe governed by direct competition for necessary growth factors or through addition of allelopathic chemicals into the soil environment (Einhelling, 1996; Ashrafi et al., 2007). (Willis 1985), pointed out that allelopathy is not a new concept. Theophrastus (300 B.C) first noticed the deleterious effect of cabbage on vine and suggested that it is due to odours. Allelochemicals are present in all plant tissues, roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds, and they can be released into the environment through various ways (Zeng et al., 2008). Allelopathy is also regarded to be a mechanism by which weeds affect seed germination, dynamics and growth of field crops (Benyas et al., 2010).  Some of those compounds are released into the environment through leaching, litter decomposition, root or direct volatilization and could affect either positively or negatively on germination and growth of other species (Gross and Parthies, 1994; Seligler, 1996). Such positive or negative effect are due to release of active biomolecules commonly called as “Allelochemicals” (Albuquereque et al., 2010). Allelochemicals are known as secondary metabolites and are produced by byproducts of primary metabolic pathways (Rice, 1984; Putnam and Tang 1986 and Rizvi et al., 1992). keeping the above view in mind, the present work was undertaken to study the allelopathic effect of Azadirachta indica A.juss Linn. on germination and seed growth of Arachis hypogeal. In general, allelochemical plays multiple roles on the physiology of crop plants. It can inhibit plant growth, alter mineral uptake, cause stomatal closure and induce water stress, influence respiration, affect photosynthesis and protein synthesis impair hormone balance and alter enzyme activities

 

1.2 Justification

The present research is aim at investigating the influence of aqueous leaf and bark extract of A. indica on germination and seed growth of groundnut. This is due to the need to reduce harmful environmental effects from the overuse of management systems which are dependent on ecological manipulations rather than agrochemicals.


1.3 Objective

The objectives of this work are to determine;

1.     The effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica on the germination percentage of groundnut (Arachis hypogea).

2.     The effect of aqueous leaf and bark extracts of Azadirachta indica on the seedling growth of groundnut (Arachis hypogea).

 

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