ABSTRACT
Effect of plant extract P.nigrum, O. basilicum and A. indica pretreatment on seed germination, seeding growth of Abelmoschus esculentus was examined in the laboratory of Plant Science and Biotechnology in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Seed germination and seedling growth were assessed according to ISTA. Germination and seedling growth rate was carried out on 85mm diameter Petri dish lined with moistened whattman filter paper, with three replication for each treatment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Okra seeds of clamson spineless varieties were pre – treated with different concentration of plant extract at 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. A control (water) with no seed pre – treatment solution was also included. Ten seeds of okra were randomly dipped into treatment solution at five minutes after which was withdrawn and planted into Petri dish containing whattman filter paper that is already moisted and result were taken. The okra seed reacted differently to different concentration of the different plants extract (A. indica, P.nigrum and O. basilicum). Okra seed soaked with Piper nigrum were not significantly different at (P> 0.05) for seed germinated and seedling growth. But Azadirchta indica (neem) and O. basilicum (scent leaf) showed reduced seedling growth and seed germination. This study explained the fact that pre – treatment of seeds before storage or planting with Piper nigrum (uziza) extract increase seedling growth and seed germination of okra, and can also control pest and diseases which helps ascertain high seed vigor. The fore use of Piper nigrum (uziza) extract should be adopted by poor resource farmers in pre – treatment of okra seeds.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vi
List of Tables ix
List of Plates x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Justification 3
1. 2 Aims and
Objective of the Study 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review 4
2.1 Host Plant 4
2.1.1 Classification of
Okra 5
2.1.2 Growth and
Development of Okra 5
2.1.3 Cultivation Practices in Production of Okra 6
2.2 Economic
Importance of Okra 7
2.3
Constraint to Production
9
2.4 Use
of Botanicals 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials and Methods 12
3.1 Location
12
3.2 Collection
of Test Plant 12
3.2.1 Preparation of Plant Extract 12
3.3 Seed
Collection and Identification 13
3.4
Experimental Design 13
3.5
Application of Extracts on Seed 13
3.6
Recording of Growth Parameters 14
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Result
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1
Discussion
Conclusion
21
References
Appendix
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 1: Effect of plant extract at different dilution
rate on seed germination of okra at 4
Days after Germination.
Table 2: Effect of plant extract at different dilution
rates on seed germination of okra at
7days after germination
Table3: Effect of
plant extract on germination rate and seedling length of okra
Table 4: Interactions of the dilution of Extracts, days
after planting and the plant extracts on seedling (root) length and number of
Okra seeds germinated.
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Okra seed growing in petri dish.
Plate 2: Okra seed soak in plant extract of different
concentrations.
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Vegetables are great significant source of vitamin,
minerals and plant protein in human diet all over the world. Vegetable
cultivation is one of the major branches of agriculture and of
economic value as well. At the present
time vegetable cultivation is becoming more costly due to the increasing use of
inputs such as pesticides to sustain production level (Anon, 2006). Okra, Abelmoschus
esculentus (L) is an important vegetable crop cultivated in the tropics and
subtropics for its immature edible green fruit (George, 2003). Okra is one of the most well known and
utilized species of the family malvaceae and also a chief vegetable crop grown
for its immature pods that can be
consumed as a fried or boiled vegetable or may be added to salads, soup and
stews (kashif et al.,2008). Although
okra originated from South Africa,
Indian stands top in area of its production (Anon, 2006). Okra plays an important role in the human
diet (kahlon et al., 2007, Saifullah
and Rabbani, 2009). by supplying carbohydrates, fats, proteins, phosphorus,
calcium, iron, sulphur, fiber, minerals and vitamins (lamout,1999., Owolarafe
and sholonde 2004, Gopalan et al.,
2007, Arapistas, 2008. and Dabire et al.,2009).
Okra seed can be dried and the dried seeds are nutritious materials that can be
used to prepare vegetable curds, roasted and
ground as coffee additive or substitute (Mockchantuk and kumar, 2004).
Vegetables are frequently subjected to
various form of processing to make them more suitable for consumption, as well
more resilient to long term storage (Nwangburuka et al., 2012).
Germination is the process by which
plant grows from seeds resulting in it formation of seedling. Its is also the
process of reactivation of metabolic machinery of seed resulting in the
emergence of radical and plumule according to siegel et al.,(2005). According to Ajala, (2000) seed are alive and must
be kept alive as possible if they are to be seeds, and to ensure its
germination must be pre – treated. Pre treatment is an application used in the
treatment of materials before proper processing. Such pre –
treatment may lead to an alteration of the basic structure
or component of the material according to Nwangburuka et al. (2012). Seeds are pre – treated with synthetic compounds
such as sodium hypochlorite or botanicals such as plant extract which is easily
obtained by poor resource farmers and have no after effect on seeds according
to kiran, (2014). Roy et al., (2012) reported that plant is
reservoir of different types of natural occurring bio-organic compounds having
a wide range of biological activities. Asadujjaman et al., (2004), Shah et al.,
(2014) and Kenny et al., (2014) reported that different parts of plants and their extracts have been used for various activities due to their chemical
availability such as its cytotoxic effects, antioxidant properties and ability
to reduce plant disease like damping–off, wilt and its simple use without side
effects. Some investigations have also reported on bio-insecticidal effects of
plant extract from certain species according to Jbilou et al. (2008). Besides protecting plants from different pests and
diseases, there are a lot of positive effects of plant extract on germination,
growth of seed and inhibitory effect (Talukaler et al., 2015). Rapid and
uniform germination of seeds are desirable for well established vegetables according to smith and Hadley,
(2000) who also reported that various chemicals are employed to
increase germination as well as growth of vegetables, and the application of high rates of
fertilizer particularly nitrogen (N) can delay and reduce seedling emergence of
many vegetable crops. The use of natural
and biodegradable substances like fresh plant extracts has drawn significant
importance on seed germination during the last few decades (Grainge and Ahmed,
2005).
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
The use of plant extract (leaf) to enhance germination
of seeds and vigor is considered in this work to help lower cost of input
technology that could be use and obtained by resources poor farmers for
vegetable crop production. This work will also enlighten farmers the value of botanicals
which have been used in pest and diseases control in other crops and on
vegetable crops also which will be assessed in this work.
1.2 Aims and Objective of the
Study
To determine the plant extract that could be used in inducing
germination of seeds
To study the effect of these treatment on seed germination and
vigor.
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