• $

EFFECT OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MANURE ON THE GROWTH, YIELD, DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH)

  • 0 Review(s)

Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009707

No of Pages: 84

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

Price :

$20

  • $


ABSTRACT

 

This field work experiment was conducted to study the effect of organic and inorganic manure on the growth, development, yield and nutritional composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench). The experiment consisted of three treatments, consisting of organic manure (pig and goat droppings) applied at the rates of 100kg per bed (50kg goat manure and 50kg pig manure), NPK fertilizer (15:15:15) applied at the rate of 10g per plant two weeks after sowing, and the control. The treatments were laid in a completely randomized block design with three replications. Plant growth and development was assessed using plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant girth, root length, fresh weight of leaves, fresh weight of stem, fresh weight of root, leaves dry weight, stem dry weight, and root dry weight. Plant yield was assessed using pod length, pod girth, number of pod per treatment, fresh weight of pod, and dry weight of pod. Nutritional composition was assessed using the proximate analysis and the mineral content. The analysis of the data collected revealed that organic manure treatment gave the best performance for both growth and yield parameters whereas that collected for nutritional composition showed that Zero treatment performed better than the other treatments in many of the parameters tested.

 

 

 






TABLE OF CONTENT

 

                                                                                                             Pages

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Declaration                                                                                                                             iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                        v

Table of contents                                                                                                                    vi    

List of Figures                                                                                                                               viii         

List of Tables                                                                                                                               ix    

List of Plates                                                                                                                                 x                                                                                                   

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION                                                                                        1

1.1   JUSTIFICATION                                                                                                           4

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY                                                                                     4

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                                  5

2.1 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT                                                                     5

2.2 BIOLOGY OF OKRA                                                                                          7

2.3 SOIL AND CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS OF OKRA                         8

2.4 ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION OF OKRA                                                                   8

2.5 CLASSIFICATION OF OKRA                                                                           9

2.6 OKRA REPRODUCTION                                                                                   9

2.6.1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT                                                                  9

2.6.2 OKRA FLORAL                                                                                                10

2.6.3 POLLINATION AND FERTILIZATION                                                        11

2.6.4 SEED DISPERSAL                                                                                           12

2.7 NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF OKRA                                                    12

2.8 HEALTH BENEFIT OF OKRA                                                                          14

2.9 NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS OF OKRA                                           14

2. 10 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OKRA                                                        16

2.11 FERTILIZER RATE AND APPLICATION                                                      16

2.12 WEED CONTROL                                                                                             17

2.13 DISEASE AND PESTS OF OKRA                                                                   17

2.13.1 PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL                                                                 18

2.13.2 CULTURAL CONTROL                                                                                            18

2.13.3 CHEMICAL CONTROL                                                                                             18

2 .14 HARVESTING AND HANDLING                                                                              18

2.15 USES OF OKRA                                                                                    19

2.15.1 OKRA SEED AS POTENTIAL EDIBLE OIL AND FLOUR SOURCE                    20

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                                     22

3.1 SEED COLLECTION                                                                                                      22

3.2 STUDY AREA                                                                                                                 22

3.3 SOIL COLLECTION /ANALYSIS                                                                                  22

3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN / LAYOUT                                                                        23

3.5 TREATMENT APPLICATION                                                                                       23

3.6 DATA COLLECTION                                                                                                     24

3.6.1 PLANT HEIGHT                                                                                                          24

3.6.2 NUMBER OF LEAVES                                                                                                24

3.6.3 NUMBER OF PODS PER REPLICATE                                                                      24

3.6.4 LENGTH OF PODS                                                                                                      24

3.6.5 POD GIRTH                                                                                                                  24

3.6.6 POD FRESH WEIGHT PER REPLICATE                                                                  25

3.6.7 POD DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                     25

3.6.8 SEED YIELD PER TREATMENT                                                                              25

3.6.9 ROOT LENGTH                                                                                                           25

3.6.10 FRESH WEIGHT OF LEAVES                                                                                  25

3.6.11 FRESH WEIGHT OF STEM                                                                                      25

3.6.12 FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOT                                                                                      26

3.6.13 STEM DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                26

3.6.14 ROOT DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                26

3.6.15 LEAF DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                 26

3.6.16 POD FRESH WEIGHT                                                                                               26

3.6.17 POD DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                   26

3.6.18 LEAF AREA                                                                                                               27

3.7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS                                                                                            27

3.8 NUTRITIONAL DETERMINATION                                                                             27

3.8.1 PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF OKRA TREATED WITH NPK, ORGANIC AND ZERO MANURE (CONTROL)                                                                                               27

3.8.2 MOISTURE AND DRY MATTER DETERMINATION                                                     28

3.8.3 ASH DETERMINATION                                                                                                 28

3.8.4 CRUDE PROTEIN DETERMINATION                                                                            28

3.8.5 ETHER EXTRACT (FAT DETERMINATION)                                                                 29

3.8.6 CRUDE FIBER DETERMINATION                                                                           30

3.8.7 NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT DETERMINATION                                                  30

3.8.8 VITAMIN C DETERMINATION                                                                                30

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS                                                                                                                         31

 

4.1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS31

4.1.1 PLANT HEIGHT                                                                                                              31

4.1.2 NUMBER OF LEAVES                                                                                                    32

4.1.3 LEAF AREA                                                                                                                    33

4.1.4 PLANT GIRTH                                                                                                                34

4.1.5 ROOT LENGTH                                                                                                              35

4.1.6 FRESH WEIGHT OF LEAVES                                                                                         36

4.1.7 FRESH WEIGHT OF STEM                                                                                             37

4.1.8 FRESH WEIGHT OF ROOT                                                                                             38

4.1.9 LEAVES DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                  39

4.1.10 STEM DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                    40

4.1.11 ROOT DRY WEIGHT                                                                                                    41

4. 2 YIELD PARAMETERS                                                                                                      42

4.2.1 LENGTH OF POD                                                                                                           42

4.2.2 POD GIRTH                                                                                                                    43

4.2.3 NUMBER OF POD PER TREATMENT                                                                                        44

4.2.4 FRESH WEIGHT OF POD                                                                                               45

4.2.5 DRY WEIGHT OF POD                                                                                                   46

4.3 PROXIMATE PARAMETERS                                                                                       46

4.3.1 DRY MATTER                                                                                                             46

4.3.2 MOISTURE                                                                                                                   47

4.3.3 ASH                                                                                                                               47

4.3.4 CRUDE PROTEIN                                                                                                        47

4.3.5 ETHER EXTRACT                                                                                                       47                   

4.3.6 CRUDE FIBER                                                                                                             47

4.3.7 NITROGEN FREE EXTRACT                                                                                    47

4.3.8 METABOLIZABLE ENERGY                                                                                    48

4.3.9 VITAMIN C                                                                                                                  48

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION                                              49

5.1 DISCUSSION                                                                                                                     49

5.2     CONCLUSION                                                                                                               51

5.3    RECOMMENDATION                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    52

REFERENCES

 APPENDIX

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES

 

Fig. 1: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure, and Zero treatments on plant Height of early maturing okra grown in the field.

Fig. 2: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure, and Zero treatments on number of leaves of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                   

Fig. 3: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on leaf area of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                             

Fig. 4: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatment on plant girth of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                               

Fig. 5: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on root length of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                             

Fig. 6: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on fresh weight of leaves of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                           

Fig. 7: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on fresh weight of stem of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                   

Fig.8: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on fresh weight of root of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                   

Fig. 9: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatment on leaves dry weight of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                        

Fig. 10: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatment on stem dry weight of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                   

Fig. 11: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on root dry weight of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                    

Fig. 12: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on length of pod of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                 

Fig .13: Effect of NPK, (15: 15:15, Organic manure and Zero treatments on pod girth of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                            

Fig. 14: Effect of NPK, (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on number of pod per treatment of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                         

Fig. 15: Effect of NPK, (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on fresh weight of pod of early maturing okra grown in the field.                                                                                   

Fig. 16: Effect of NPK, (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on pod dry weight of early maturing okra grown in the field.                   






                                                                

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Effect of organic and inorganic manure on the nutritional composition of okra pods.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

APPENDIX 1

Table 1: Effect of NPK (15:15:15), Organic manure and Zero treatments on plant growth and development attributes of early maturing Okra grown in the field.                                

Table 2: Effect of time interval on early maturing okra planted with Organic and Inorganic manure                      

Table 3: Correlation Table                                                                                                                

 

 


 

 

 

LIST OF PLATES

 

Plate 1: Harvested okra plants treated with organic manure                                                 

Plate 2: Harvested okra plants treated with NPK manure                                                     

Plate 3: Harvested okra plants planted without treatment                                                    

Plate 4: Harvested okra pod treated with NPK manure                                                        

Plate 5: Harvested okra pod treated with organic manure                                                    

Plate 6: Harvested okra pod planted without treatment (control)                                         

Plate 7: Picture of the entire farm                                                                                          

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Okra (Abelmoschus   esculentus L. Moench) is a fruit vegetable crop belonging to the family Malvaceae (Awurum and Okorie, 2011). It is an important vegetable, cultivated in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world for its pod (Folorunso and Ojeniyi, 2003). It is a member of the hibiscus family Malvaceae   and has the typical floral characteristics of that family. Originating from Africa, it is now widely distributed in the tropics including Nigeria (National Research Council, 2006). It is an important vegetable crop occupying a land area of 277,000 hectares with a production of 731,000 metric tons worldwide and productivity of 2.63 tha-1 in Nigeria (FAO, 2006).

The use of organic amendments applied to soil not only enhances its nutrient status but also reduces the incidence of pest (Adilakshi et al., 2007). Improvement of soil fertility through the application of fertilizers has become an essential factor that enables the world to feed billions of people of its population (Brady and Weil, 1999). Soil fertility is usually maintained by the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers (Okigbo, 1985), and there is also an improvement in the physical and biological properties of the soils (Okwuagwu et al., 2003).

 The use of inorganic fertilizers can improve crop yields, soil pH, total nutrient content and nutrient availability (Akande et al., 2010); most especially in the tropics where soils are adversely affected by sub- optima soil fertility and erosion causing deterioration of the nutrient status and changes in population of soil organisms (Economic Commission for Africa, 2001). But its use is constrained by acidity, scarcity, nutrient imbalance and it is no longer within the reach of poor-resource farmers due to its high cost. When excessively used, it also has a depressing effect on yield. These causes a reduction in number of fruits, delays and reduce fruit setting (John et al., 2004). It can be found in almost every market in Africa (Schippers, 2000). In Nigeria, okra is usually grown in home gardens and fields both during the wet and dry season, with the dry season production being carried out under irrigation (Majanbu et al., 1985).

Okra production in Nigeria is predominantly carried out by peasant farmers and it is either cultivated as sole crop or in mixture with other crops.  Production constraints of okra in Nigeria have been relatively low (Ibrahim et al., 2012). Even in cases where high yield cultivars have been grown, the inherently low fertility status of the soil, coupled with inadequate application of fertilizers, remain principal limiting factors to okra production,   especially in the savannah regions of Nigeria.  As a result of these constraints, yield of 2 to 3 tha-1 of green fruits have been reported (Anon, 1980). The scarcity of inorganic manures associated with high cost has created a lot of problems in arable crop production in Nigeria. Okra is valued for its edible green pods (fruits).  However, its leaves are also eaten as a vegetable. Okra seeds are used as a non-caffeinated substitute for -coffee and also as a source of seed oil (FAO, 2006). Okra is said to be of economic importance because of its nutritional value that has the potential to improve food security (FAO, 2006). In the past, farm yard manure has been used to improve and supplement soil nutrients  (Adeleye et al., 2010), but the advent of inorganic manure has reduced the use of organic manure by farmers as a source of plant nutrient and soil improvement  because of its relative ease of application and quick results. A lot of these organic manure lies as wastes in rural and urban centers (Adeoye and Agboola, 1985). They are occasionally dumped around farmstead and sawmills. Periodically, they are burnt while others remain on the ground surface, causing problems of environmental pollution and health hazards. Many farmers in Nigeria rely on these inorganic manure, hence, their productivity has not been so much profitable especially when these inorganic sources are neither readily available nor affordable (Ogunwale, 2003).

Animal manures, if properly handled, is one of the most valuable of all fertilizers available. It has historically been used as a source of plant nutrient and as a soil amendment. According to Senjobi (2010), when organic manures are used judiciously they would improve both growth and yield parameters of crop. Other workers have also reported that organic manures have beneficial effect on soil properties such as bulk density, soil moisture content, water holding capacity and other properties (Adeleye et al., 2010). Many materials which are waste product from Agricultural enterprise and sawmill industries can be used beneficially to produce crops and improve the soil for sustainable crop production.

The use of organic manures as a means of maintaining and increasing soil fertility has been advocated (Alasiri and Ogunkeye, 1999). Some of these materials have also been found to control pathogens (Muhammed et al., 2001). Animal manures, when efficiently and effectively used, ensure sustainable crop productivity by immobilizing nutrients that are susceptible to leaching. Nutrients contained in manures are released more slowly and are stored for a longer time in the soil thus ensuring longer residual effects; improve root development and higher crop yields (Sharma and Mittra, 1991; Abou-Magel et al., 2006). Poultry manure’s relative resistance to microbial degradation is essential for establishing and maintaining optimum soil physical condition and is important for plant growth. It is also very cheap and effective as a good source of nitrogen for sustainable crop production (Dauda et al., 2004).

This research work investigated the effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth, development, yield and nutritional composition of okra in the tropical rain forest belt of Nigeria.


1.1   JUSTIFICATION

The improvement of soil fertility through the application of organic and inorganic manures as a cheap and good source of nitrogen for sustainable crop production, thus improves the crop yield, nutrient content and soil PH which is important factor that enables developing countries, feed billions of its populace. To this effect, the present research work was carried to determine the beneficial effect of organic and inorganic manure on the growth, yield, development and nutritional composition of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench).  Also, farmers are being advised to practice combined mixture of organic and inorganic manure which leads to longer residual effect on the growth of the crop, yield, improvement and the physical and biological properties of the soil and but also reduces the incidence of pest of okra.


1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of this research work are to:

·       To determine the effect of organic manure on the growth, development, yield and nutritional composition of okra.

·       To determine the effect of inorganic manure (NPK 15.15.15) on the growth, development, yield and nutritional composition of okra

·       To compare the effect of these organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth/development, yield and nutritional composition of okra.



Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects

FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!

+(234) 0814 780 1594

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.

Ratings & Reviews

0.0

No Review Found.

Review


To Comment


Sold By

ProjectShelve

7891

Total Item

Reviews (29)

  • Anonymous

    1 week ago

    This is truly legit, thanks so much for not disappointing

  • Anonymous

    1 week ago

    I was so happy to helping me through my project topic thank you so much

  • Anonymous

    2 weeks ago

    Just got my material... thanks

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    Thank you for your reliability and swift service Order and delivery was within the blink of an eye.

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    It's actually good and it doesn't delay in sending. Thanks

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    I got the material without delay. The content too is okay

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Thank you guys for the document, this will really go a long way for me. Kudos to project shelve👍

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    You guys have a great works here I m really glad to be one of your beneficiary hope for the best from you guys am pleased with the works and content writings it really good

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Excellent user experience and project was delivered very quickly

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    The material is very good and worth the price being sold I really liked it 👍

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Wow response was fast .. 👍 Thankyou

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Trusted, faster and easy research platform.

  • TJ

    1 month ago

    great

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    My experience with projectselves. Com was a great one, i appreciate your prompt response and feedback. More grace

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Sure plug ♥️♥️

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Thanks I have received the documents Exactly what I ordered Fast and reliable

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Wow this is amazing website with fast response and best projects topic I haven't seen before

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Genuine site. I got all materials for my project swiftly immediately after my payment.

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    It agree, a useful piece

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Good work and satisfactory

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Good job

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Fast response and reliable

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Projects would've alot easier if everyone have an idea of excellence work going on here.

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Very good 👍👍

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Honestly, the material is top notch and precise. I love the work and I'll recommend project shelve anyday anytime

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Well and quickly delivered

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    I am thoroughly impressed with Projectshelve.com! The project material was of outstanding quality, well-researched, and highly detailed. What amazed me most was their instant delivery to both my email and WhatsApp, ensuring I got what I needed immediately. Highly reliable and professional—I'll definitely recommend them to anyone seeking quality project materials!

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Its amazing transacting with Projectshelve. They are sincere, got material delivered within few minutes in my email and whatsApp.

  • TJ

    4 months ago

    ProjectShelve is highly reliable. Got the project delivered instantly after payment. Quality of the work.also excellent. Thank you