COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF THREE VARIETIES OF OKRA (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MONECH)

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Product Code: 00009728

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ABSTRACT

The performance of three varieties of Okra Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench were observed based on their growth parameters on a coastal plain soil of Umudike, south eastern Nigeria. The three varieties of Okra were Clemson Spineless, V35, LD88 and were replicated and laid out in a randomized complete block design. Okra seeds were sown in the nursery by putting 5 seeds per pot. Before transplanting, the land was cleared, ploughed, harrowed, leveled and seedlings were transplanted at the 4th week and at the appearance of three leaves. The seedlings were spaced at 30 X 40cm. The growth parameters were recorded throughout and they included the plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, germination count, germination percentage, and number of fruits. The results obtained were subjected to analysis using ANOVA table. Significant differences were observed for all parameters measured. Variety LD88 recorded the highest when compared to other varieties. The three varieties (LD88, V35and Clemson spineless) also showed a very high level of significance in their germination count and germination percentage (P<0.01). The three varieties showed no significant difference in their leaf length, leaf width, number of flowers and number of fruits and it was observed that LD88 responded well in Umudike soil and performed better in terms of plant height, and emergence.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

List of Tables                                                                                                                          vii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Statement of the Problem                                                                                           2

1.2       Justification of the Study                                                                                            2

1.3       Objectives of the Study                                                                                              3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review                                                                                                       4

2.1       Taxonomy of Okra                                                                                                     5

2.1.1    Taxonomic Hierarchy                                                                                                 6

2.2       Growth and Development                                                                                          7

2.3       Floral Biology                                                                                                             7

2.4       Botanical Features of Okra                                                                                         8

2.5       Key Insect Pests of Okra                                                                                            9

2.6       Major Diseases of Okra                                                                                              11

2.7       Nutritional Importance of Okra                                                                                  14

2.8       Health Benefits of Okra                                                                                              15

2.9       Health Advantages of Okra                                                                                        16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and Methods                                                                                               19

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  19

3.2       Design of Experiment                                                                                                 19

3.3       Collection and Identification of Samples                                                                   19

3.4       Soil Analysis                                                                                                               20

3.5       Land Preparation                                                                                                        21

3.6       Planting Material Preparations                                                                                   21

3.7       Data Collection                                                                                                           21

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Results                                                                                                                        22

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion and Conclusion                                                                                        26

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                  27

5.2       Recommendations                                                                                                      27

References

 







 

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1:        Comparison on Plant Height, Number of Leaves and Leaf Area                  22

of Okra Varieties Evaluated in the Field.

 

Table 4.2:        Comparison of Leaf Length, Leaf Width and Numbers of Flowers             23

of Three Varieties of Okra Evaluated in the Field.

 

Table 4.3:        Comparison on the Number of Fruit, Germination Count,                            24

and Germination Percentage of Three Varieties of Okra


 







LIST OF PLATES

Plate 3: Vegetative Growth of Clemson spineless                                                     25

Plate 2: Vegetative Growth of V35                                                                                25

Plate 1: Vegetative Growth of LD88

Plate 4: Three leaved Stage of Okra in the Nursery before Transplanting                        25

 

 

 

 

 

 


 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0                                           INTRODUCTION   

Okra (Abelmoschusesculentus L. Moench) is an annual crop belonging to mallow family (malvaceae) requiring warm growing condition and found in almost every market all over Africa (Schippers, 2000). It is also a chief vegetable grown for its immature pods that can be consumed as a fried or boiled vegetable or may be added to salads, soups and stews (Kashifet al., 2005). Worldwide production of Okra as fruit vegetable was estimated at 6,000,000 tons per year. In West Africa, it was estimated at 500,000 to 600,000 tons per year (Burku, 1997).

Okra plays a significant role in human nutrition by providing carbohydrates protein, fats, minerals and vitamins that are generally deficient in basic foods. Mature okra seeds are good sources of protein and oil and it has been known to be very important in nutritional quality, which is essential for human nutrition (Oyedele et al., 2003). It has good nutritional value, especially in vitamin C, calcium, iron and other minerals such as magnesium and potassium (Aykroud, 1963).

Okra will grow in most soil types but loam and sandy soils produce largest yields. Okra will grow with a soil pH of 5.7 to 6.5, but a pH between 6.0 and 6.5 is optimum. (Seranet al., 2010). Tropical soils are adversely affected by sub-optimal soil fertility, causing depreciation of the nutrient level and change the populations of soil organism (Economic Commission for Africa, 2011). However, Okra is known not to grow on water logged soils but in soils that are well drained and rich in manure. The basic growth pattern in annuals such as Okra is characterized by three main phases of growth; Establishment and seedling growth stage, period of rapid growth, stem elongation and flowering as well asthe ripening and senescence stage (Harper, 1998). However, soil amendments may generate variations in growth pattern. Hence, the present study ascertains the comparative study on growth performance of three Okra varieties in treated soil (Poultry manure). Manures are usually applied at higher rates, they give residual effects on the growth and yield of succeeding crops (Makinde and Ayoola, 2008) various growth parameters of different varieties measurement are based on plant height, number of flowers, pod length, number of leaves, leaf width etc.


1.1       Statement of the Problem

Nigeria is seldom listed among the largest producer of Okra in Africa and the world at large. Several works such as Whorter (2006) are of the view that the name “Okra” may have originated from Igbo land and widely used all over the world. This may however suggest a high level of Okra recognition as food in Igbo land. High cost occasioned by seasonal supply of Okra is another obstacle to its consumption as identified by the works of (Farooq et al., 2001). The climatic condition of Umudike area falls within the moderate range for the growth and yield of Okra. Edaphic factors such as pH, soil nutrient also differs. However, different varieties of Okra possess different properties such as; disease resistant, insect resistant and excellent adaptation. Therefore, this research work is aimed at investigating the growth stages of Okra varieties i.e (clemson spineless, v-35 and LD-88) and proving the selectable and most adaptive variety among them to the Eastern soil type.


1.2       Justification of the Study

In recent times, the prices of vegetables has been on a steady increase. The recognition of vegetables as one of the best and safest sources of vitamins and minerals has caused a setback of other natural and synthetic sources. The use of herbs and vegetables as food or medicine have little or no risk of overdose when consumed by humans (Kanuet al., 2001). Okra plays a significant role in human nutrition and its ability to bear fruit within two-three months after

planting and continues to fruit for another 2-3 months is a great advantage (Anon, 2006). The justification of this study is aimed at achieving the best and adaptive variety of Okra by various comparative studies on their growth parameters.


1.3       Objectives of the Study

1.     To compare the growth of three varieties of Okra

2.     To select the best variety based on its growth parameters, adaptation and yield.


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