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STUDIES OF THE MITOTIC CHROMOSOMAL DIFFERENCES OF THREE VARIETIES OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYSL.)

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009689

No of Pages: 41

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

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ABSTRACT

The mitotic chromosomal defferences of three varieties of maize (Zea mays everta, Zea mays saccharata and Zea mays turnicata) from root tips were investigated using squashing method. 0.05g of Colchicine, 3:1 ethanol-glacial acetic acid and 70% of ethanol was used for pretreatment and fixation. 1N HCl were used for hydrolysis and 2g of orcein was use for staining. the diploid number of Zea mays everta, Zea mays saccharata and Zea mays turnicatawas 2n=20 each, well spread with few overlapping chromosomes were obtained. Chromosome I with the highest value was the longest chromosome were as the shortest chromosome and the shortest chromosome is chromosome X. In Zea mays evertachromosome I, II and V was metacentrics while the rest are non-metacentrics. In Zea mays sacharata, chromosome I and II are metacentric while the rest are non-metacentrics. In Zea mays turnicata, chromosome I, II and III are metacentrics while the rest are non-metacentrics.

 







TABLE OF CONTENT

Cover page                                                                                                                    i

Title page                                                                                                                      ii

Declaration                                                                                                                   iii

Certification                                                                                                                 iv

Dedication                                                                                                                     v

Acknowledgement                                                                                                        vi

Table of content                                                                                                           vii

List of tables                                                                                                                 ix

Abstract                                                                                                                        x


CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                                        1

1.1 Justification                                                                                                             4

1.2 Objectives                                                                                                               4


CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review                                                                                                    6

2.1 Botany of maize                                                                                                       6

2.2 Chromosome number and behavour                                                                       7

2.3 Genetic modification                                                                                               8

2.4 Cross between Zeamays species and hybridization                                             9

2.4 Intra specific crosses                                                                                          9

2.4.2 Interspecific crosses.                                                                                   9

2.4.3 Intergeneric hybridization                                                                                    10

2.5 Maize genetics, corn type races and genetic resources                                            11

2.6 Biotechnology intervention                                                                                      14

2.7 Economic importance                                                                                              14


CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and method                                                                                             15

3.1 Study area                                                                                                               15

3.2 Source of plants                                                                                                       15

3.3 Pretreatment and fixation                                                                                       15

3.4 Hydrolysis                                                                                                                16

3.5 Ethical issues                                                                                                           16

3.6 Measurement of the chromosomal lengths                                                              16


CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results                                                                                                                     17


CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion and conclusion                                                                                       22

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                                22

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                               25

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                     26

References

 

 





 

 

   LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: The length of the homologue for Zea mays everta                                                        18

Table 2: The length of the homologue for Zea mays saccharata                                 19

Table 3: The length of the homologue forZea mays tunicate                                       20

 

 


 


CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a plant belonging to the family of grasses (Poaceae). Itis cultivated globally being one of the most important cereal crops worldwide. Maize is not only an important human nutrient, but also a basic element of animal feed and raw material for manufacture of many industrial products. The products include corn starch, maltodextrins, corn oil, corn syrup and products of fermentation and distillation industries. It is also being recently used as biofuel. Maize was domesticated from teosinte, 6300 years ago in Mexico. After initial domestication, early farmers continued to select for advantageous morphological and biochemical traits in this important crop (Buckler and Stevens, 2006).

The genus Zea consists of four species of which Zea mays L. is economically important. The other Zeasp, referred to as teosintes, are largely wild grasses native to Mexico and Central America (Doeblay, 1990). The number of chromosomes in Zea mays is 2n = 20. Tribe Maydeae comprises seven genera which are recognized, namely Old and New World groups. Old World comprises Coix (2n = 10/20), Chionachne (2n = 20), Sclerachne (2n = 20), Trilobachne (2n = 20) and Polytoca (2n = 20), and New World group has Zea and Tripsacum (Doeblay, 1990)

Taxonomic classification of maize (Zea mays L.)

Kingdom      Plantae

Division        Magnoliophyta

Class            Liliopsida

Order           Poales

Family         Poaceae

Genus Zea

Species         Z. mays L.

Sources:       (http://wikipedia.org)

It is generally agreed that maize phylogeny was largely determined by the American genera Zea and Tripsacum, however it is accepted that the genus Coix contributed to the phylogenetic development of the species Zea mays (Raduet al., 1997).

Maize (Zea mays L.) chromosomes were first characterized by McClintock (1929) from studies of the first pollen mitosis. In Zea, a considerable number of variations from normal chromosome number have been observed. The fact that those variations in number occur is of importance to the student of maize genetics in that they may give rise to abnormal ratios that cannot be explained by normal segregation. It is therefore of considerable importance to have both cytogenetics and genetics understanding of the material with which one is working. Variability of chromosome number is not by any means peculiar to Zea, it has been reported in a number of species that it seems to be more or less a common occurrence in nearly every species that have been thoroughly studied. It is the purpose of this investigation to study the mitotic event in maize plant with a view to ascertaining the regularity of the process in this plant.

 Pachytene chromosomes showed better morphological details for cytological studies (McClintock, 1933). The chromosomes of maize were individually identified in meiotic stages by McClintock, which led to many several findings in cytogenetics. This technique continues to be a valuable tool for studies of chromosomal structure and function as well as of mitosis itself and It provides the advantage that within a few days of germination, the chromosomal constitution of an individual can be determined and the seedling can be saved, grown and used in genetic analysis. The pachytene chromosomes were identified on the basis of their number, length, centromere position, prominent chromomeres and heterochromatic knobs (McClintocket al.,1981). Other heterochromatic regions found in a number of different chromosome regions have also been described (Rhoades, 1978). The examination of chromosomes of different species of maize has revealed that the number, size and position of knobs are variable and that they are found in the maize chromosomes (McClintocket al., 1981).

 The identification of mitotic chromosomes using conventional staining was described by Chen (1969) and Filion and Walden (1973), while C-banding procedures have shown the presence of stained distal bands in mitotic chromosomes (Jewell and Islam-Faridi, 1994). Aguiar-Perecin(1985) described differential staining of the classes of maize heterochromatin: heavily stained bands on mitotic chromosomes correspond to knobs, while staining of centric heterochromatin is hardly observed in well-condensed metaphases. nucleolus organizer region (NOR)-heterochromatin appears differentially stained but with a lower degree of staining than knobs. No differential staining was observed in B-chromosomes, but Ward (1980) observed staining of the B-centric heterochromatin. Furthermore, the analysis of C-banded mitotic metaphases of maize races with different knob constitutions showed that large bands corresponding to large and medium knobs alter the arm lengths of mitotic chromosomes (Aguiar-Perecin and Vosa, 1985). There is need for squashing and coverslip removal by using a root tip cell suspension from which chromosomes are then spread onto slides. The method of spreading is an amalgam of several solid tissue techniques developed for vertebrate chromosomes (KLIGERMAN and BLOOM, 1977), and generally produces cell monolayers where the metaphases are complete, non-overlapping, and easily found. A slight modification in the general procedure yields chromosomes which can be treated and/or stained to produce patterns of differential banding.

1.1      JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY

Several research works have been carried out on maize (Zea mays) but little or nothing has been documented on chromosomal study of maize (Zea mays L.). This study seeks to look into the mitotic chromosomal study of maize (Zea mays)

1.2      OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study includes:

Ø  Identification of mitotic chromosome number in three (three) different varieties of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Ø  To measure the lengths of the chromosomes

Ø  To identify their location on the centromere.

Ø  To identify overlapping and non-overlapping chromosomes of maize (Zeamays L).

 

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