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COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES ON THE CONTROL OF INSECT PEST OF OKRA PLANT (ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS (L.) MOENCH)

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Product Code: 00009734

No of Pages: 74

No of Chapters: 1-5

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ABSTRACT

 

The emergence of biodegradable pesticides as safe option has reduced the problems that result from the use of synthetic insecticides, thus creating a renewed interest in their development and use in integrated pest management of crops. A randomized complete block field experiment was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal efficacy of selected synthetic insecticides and botanicals for the control of insect pests of okra. The experiment was conducted between 7th June 2017 to August, 18th, 2017 within the premises of Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development Umuahia, opposite timber market along Ikot Ekpene express road Umuahia. Seeds of Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) were gotten from a local market in Umudike in Umuahia. Freshly harvested leaves of Vernonia amygdalina and Chromolaena odorata, were room dried and grinded into a powdery form. During application, the grinded leaves are soaked in water (2litres of water) for about 12 hours and sieved before application. The wood ash was applied on the plants ecologically (by hand spraying), 10ml of the synthetic chemical was collected using a syringe and was mixed with 2 litres of water before application. The mixture comprising of 2 litres of water, 2grinded pepper, 2g of aerial detergent, 2 tablespoonful of kerosene were also mixed together before application. Results show the presence of phytochemicals in VAmygdalina such as terpenoids as the highest phytochemical present followed by tannins, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and saponins while C. odorata recorded saponins as the highest phytochemical present. This is followed by phenols, tannins, and alkaloids while steroids and terpenoids are close in range. According to the planting and randomized distribution of the insecticidal plants in the plots, block 1 had C. Odorata and V. Amygdalina at a close range occupying plots 1 and 2, respectively. This block showed highest insecticidal activity as evident in the results of the morphological and yield parameters which include number of sprouts, leaves, openings, leaf area, percentage yield as well as fresh and dry weight of the yields. The physico-chemical properties of the soil with BS having the highest percentage which was followed by sand at a close range. Silt clay and pH were recorded. Some minerals also identified in the soil include phosphorus, P, organic carbon, OC and organic matter, OM. Other physic-chemical properties (Cmol/kg) as recorded in fig. 8 are as follows: calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, exchangeable acidity, EA and ECEC. From this work, it was observed that C. odorata and V. Amygdalina possess some phytochemical compounds which are needful and necessary for humans and studies have also shown that some of these phytochemicals are applied by the plants in defence mechanisms and as such having some pesticidal activities of which C. odorata and V. Amygdalina are typical examples. Their ability to wade off okra insects was made manifest in the morphological characteristics and this is likely due to the strong synergistic activity of both plants.







TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Declaration                                                                                                                             ii

Certification                                                                                                                           iii

Dedication                                                                                                                               iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  v

Table of contents                                                                                                                    vi

List of table                                                                                                                             viii

List of figure                                                                                                                           ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                   x


CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Statement of Problem                                                                                                 1

1.2       Aim and Objectives of the Study                                                                               3

1.3       Objectives of the Study                                                                                              3

1.4       Significance of the Study                                                                                           4

 

CHAPTER TWO     

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       The Okra Plant (Abelmoschus Esculentus (L) Moench                                              5

2.1.1      The Origin of Okro                                                                                                     6

2.1.2    Cultivation                                                                                                                  7

2.1.3    Nutritional Composition of Okra                                                                               8

2.2       Insect Pest and Distribution                                                                                        10

2.2.1    Effect of Insect Pest                                                                                                    12

2.2.2    Life Cycle of the Insect                                                                                              12

2.2.3    Other Diseases of Okra                                                                                               13

2.3       Control of Insect Pest of Okra                                                                                    14

2.3 .1   Cultural Control                                                                                                          14

2.3.2    Chemical Control:                                                                                                      15

2.3.3    Botanical Control                                                                                                       16                   

                                                                                                                                                                                                                    

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1       Study Area                                                                                                                  18

3.1.1    Soil Collection / Analysis                                                                                           18

3.1.2    Phytochemical Analysis                                                                                             18

3.1.3    Design of Experiment                                                                                                19

3.1.4    Planting Materials                                                                                                      19

3.1.5    Treatment Application                                                                                               20

3.1.7    Viability Test                                                                                                              20

3.1.8    Cultural Practices                                                                                                       21

3.1.9    Data Collection                                                                                                           21

3.2       Statistical Analysis                                                                                                     22

           

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS                                                                                                                               23

 

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION                                           32

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   32      

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                   37

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                       37      

 

References

Appendix







 

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1.0 Phytochemical Properties of the Plant                                                    31

 





 

LIST OF FIGURES


Fig. 1:  Effect of Treatment on Number of Openings                                     23

Fig. 2: Effect of Treatment on Number of Leaves                                         24

Fig. 3:  Effect of Treatment on Number of Sprouts                                        25       

Fig. 4:  Effect of Treatment on Percentage Yield                                           26

Fig. 5: Effect of Treatment on Leaf Area                                                      27

Fig. 6: Effect of Treatment on Fresh Weights                                               28

Fig. 7: Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil                                                  29

Fig. 8: Physico-Chemical Properties of Soil                                                  30

 

 


 


 


 

CHAPTER ONE


1.0       INTRODUCTION

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), is an important vegetable crop belonging to the family Malvaceae. Okra originated from Ethiopia and is now widely spread all over the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world, (Lamont, 1999). The world production of okra as fresh vegetable is estimated at 1.7 million tons year- 1 (Schippers, 2000). Okra is the most important vegetable crop in West Africa, and a source of calories (4550 kcal kg- 1) for human consumption which ranks first before other vegetable crops (Babatunde et. al., 2007). The nutritive value of okra includes water, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre, calcium, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinamide and ascorbic acid (Gemede, et al., 2015). Its production is a source of income for rural smallholder farmers and retailers in urban centres. In Ghana, yield potential of 2-3t/ha has been reported (Owusu-sekyere et al., 2011), depending on the cultivar, harvesting frequency and period for harvesting (Gorachand et al., 1990). However, actual yields of okra are usually low and have also decreased over the years in Nigeria due to insect attacks which are major contributing factors to the low yield of okra.

The most important insect pests attacking okra are the leaf hopper (Amrasca biguttula), flea beetles (Podagrica spp.) the cotton stainer (Dysdercus superstitious)  and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gen.) (Singh et al., 2013). There are several viruses affecting growth and yield of okra but okra mosaic virus (OMV) and okra leaf curl virus (OLCV) are the most common viruses.  (Swanson et al., 1993). Okra leaf curl virus, a persistent geminivirus transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gen.), causes severe disease of okra which cause yield losses of up to 80% (Basu, 1995). Okra leaf curl disease has been reported in several countries including Ghana and Nigeria (Bi-Kusi, 2013 and Askira, 2012). The disease causes leaf wrinkle, curl, vein distortion, leaf yellowing, stunted growth and reduced yields

Effective management of the okra leave curl disease and its associated whitefly vector is critical in maximizing okra yield. Managing viral diseases and their vectors using chemical pesticides has not been effective due to the development of resistant pest strains, and inappropriate application rate and frequency. The use of synthetic pesticides is hazardous to human health and the environment. (Weeraseker, 2006) reported that exposure to chemical pesticides can cause nervous system damage, birth defects, cancer, and even death. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that about 20,000 people die each year from pesticide poisoning and at least 3 million people suffer acute health effects (WHO, 2004).Botanical pesticides which are non-toxic to man are environmentally friendly can be used as alternatives to the synthetic pesticides.

Plant extracts which have shown various degrees of toxicity against many insect pests include wood ash, Vernonia amygdalina and  Chromolaena odarata (Oladimeji and Kannike, 2010). There is however, limited information on the use of botanicals to manage pests and diseases of okra. It is therefore quite relevant to evaluate the efficacy of different botanicals for the management of field insect pests of okra.


1.1       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The problems of pests and diseases which hinder the quality and optimum yield of okra; farmers have resorted to the use of pesticides as means of controlling the pests and their damaging effects. This in turn increases the yield of the crop and  enhances the overall productivity. Various pesticides of both organic and synthetic origin have been widely used by the farmers. But, the synthetic pesticides are known to have caused more damage to the environment due to residual effects that are persistent and leads to adverse effect on non-target organisms and the environment.

Therefore, there is the need for research into the use of organic pesticides like Vernonia amygdalina ,Chromolaena odorata , and wood ash extracts, which are more environmental friendly,  less toxic to human and  also readily available and cheap.


1.2       AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STU.DY

Plants are composed of chemical substances of which some are directly beneficial to the growth and development of the organism. Some of these secondary compounds have usually been regarded as a part of the plants' defense against plant-feeding insects and other herbivores (Russell and Lana, 1993). The pesticide properties of many plants have been known for a long time and natural pesticides based on plant extracts such as rotenone, nicotine and pyrethrum have been commonly used in pest control during the earlier half of this century. However, after the Second World War, they lost their importance with the introduction of the synthetic organic chemicals.


1.3       OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.     To determine the effects of plant extract and wood ash on the incidence and damage of insect pests on growth and yield of okra.

2.     To determine the most effective and efficient strategy for managing the insect 


1.4      SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of Vernonia amygdalina and Chromolaena odorata, and wood ash on the control of insect pest of okro plant (Abelmoschus esculentus).


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