EFFECTS OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOIC EXTRACT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA AND SENNA ALATA (L) ROXB. ON THE GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS L.) AND SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX (L. MERR.)

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ABSTRACT

The effect of ethanoic and aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera and Senna alata on the germination and seedling growth of maize and soybean were investigated in laboratory and field (pot) experiment. Five treatment levels of different concentration of extracts (undiluted, 1:1, 1:25, 1:50), and control were used. The control treatment was only distilled water. The result showed that germination percentage of maize and soybean when treated with ethanoic extract from M. oleifera and S. alata were significantly (P<0.05) reduced. The concentration of the extract affected the germination percentage of the seed of the plant. As the concentration of extracts increased, the germination percentage reduced. The extracts significantly (P<0.05) stimulated growth of maize and soybean. It caused significant increase in the height and dry weight. This study reveals that the allellopathic chemicals present in the leaves of M. oleifera and S. alata inhibited germination of soybean and maize. This result therefore suggests that extracts of M. oleifera and S. alata contain both allelopathic and stimulatory substances responsible for inhibition of germination of soybean and maize and stimulation of growth of soybean and maize. The study suggests that ethanoic extracts of M. oleifera and S. alata can be used as a growth suppressant to prevent germination of weed seeds and also as bio-stimulator to stimulate growth of crops plant. 






TABLE OF CONTENT

Title                                                                                                                   

Declaration                                                                                                         i

Dedication                                                                                                          ii

Acknowledgement                                                                                              iii

Table of content                                                                                                 v

List of table                                                                                                        viii

Abstract                                                                                                              ix

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0          Introduction                                                                                              1

1.1          Botany of plants                                                                                       5

1.2          Aims and objectives                                                                                 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     Literature review                                                                                      7

2.1     Effects of plant extract on germination of plants                                     8

2.2     Effects of plant extract on seedling growth of plants                               10

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0     Materials and methods                                                                             12

3.1     Preparation of extracts                                                                             12

­­­­­3.1.1  Preparation of aqueous extracts                                                               12

3.1.2  Preparation of ethanoic extract                                                                12

3.2     Seed germination test                                                                               13

3.3     Seedling growth test                                                                                13

3.4     Experimental designs and statistical procedures                                     14

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0     Result                                                                                                       15

4.0.1  Plant height growth (cm)                                                                         15

4.0.2  Seed germination                                                                                     21

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     Discussion                                                                                                23

5.0.1  Effects of the aqueous and ethanoic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on the germination of maize and soybean                                                           24

5.0.2  Effects of aqueous and ethanoic leaf extract of Senna alata on the germination of maize and soybean                                                                               25

5.0.3  Effects of aqueous and ethanoic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on the seedling growth of maize and soybean                                                        26

5.1.4  Effects of aqueous and ethanoic leaf extract of Senna alata on the seedling growth of maize and soybean

5.1     Conclusion                                                                                               26

5.2     Recommendation                                                                                     27

References 

          Appendix

 

 

 




LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 4.1: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on the seedling height and dry weight of maize (Zea mays)

TABLE 4.2: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on the seedling height and dry weight of soybean (Glycine max)

TABLE 4.3: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Senna alata on the seedling height and dry weight of maize (Zea mays)

­­­­­­TABLE 4.4: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Senna alata on the seedling height and dry weight of soybean (Glycine max)

TABLE 4.5: Effects of ethanoic extract of Moringa oleifera on the seedling height and dry weight of maize (Zea mays)

TABLE 4.6: Effects of ethanoic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on the seedling height and dry weight of soybean (Glycine max)

TABLE 4.7: Effects of ethanoic leaf extract of Senna alata on the seedling height and dry weight of maize (Zea mays)

TABLE 4.8: Effects of ethanoic leaf extract of Senna alata on the seedling height and dry weight of soybean (Glycine max)

TABLE 4.9: Effects of aqueous leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and Senna alata on germination percentage of soybean and maize (%)

TABLE 4.10: Effects of ethanoic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and Senna alata on germination percentage of soybean and maize (%)

 


 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE


1.0   INTRODUCTION

In nature, plants species grow together and interact with each other by inhibiting or stimulating the growth and development through different interactions (Saha et al., 2015).

Plants  are  reservoir  of  different  types  of  natural  occurring bio - organic  compounds  having  a  wide  range  of  biological activities.  Different parts of plants and their extracts have been used for various purposes since long time ago due to their   chemical   properties,   availability,   and   simple   use without side effects (Talab et al., 2012). Certain  plant  extracts are found  to  have cytotoxic  effects, some  showed  antioxidant properties while  a  group  of  plant  species effectively  showed antimicrobial  activities. Besides  protecting  plants  from  different pest  and  diseases,  several  investigators  reported  the  effect of  plant  extracts  on  germination  and  growth  of  different crops (Talukder, 2015). The ability of plants to affect the germination or growth of other plants has been known for centuries (Putnam, 1994).

Allelopathy appears to be an important component of plant interference capability in a variety of natural and managed ecosystems (Weston and Duke 2003). Early reference of 300 BC, suggests the involvement of this phenomenon, where many crop plants; gram (Cicer arietinum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) inhibited growth of some weeds and crop plants (Rice, 1984). Allelochemicals can be present in any  parts  of  plant;  roots,  rhizomes,  leaves,  stems,  pollen,  seeds  and  flowers  which  may  be  released  into  the environment by root exudation,  leaching  from over the  ground parts,  volatilization and decomposed  plant  material (Verma, 2012).

Allelopathy is a phenomenon where a plant species chemically interferes with the germination, growth and development of other plant species and has been for over 2000 years (Rice, 1984). The International Allelopathy Society defined allelopathy as follows: “Any process involving secondary metabolites produced by plants, micro-organisms, viruses, and fungi that influence the growth and development of agricultural and biological systems (excluding animals), including positive and negative effects” (Torres et al. 1996). Allelopathic interaction in development  and  growth  is  complex  process  that  affects  all development  and  growth  aspects  e.g.  protein,  hormone  and chlorophyll synthesis, cell division, cell wall structure, membrane permeability and function and active transmission of especially enzymes,  anther  and  spore  germination,  organelle  synthesis, photosynthesis, respiration, leg-hemoglobin biosynthesis, activity of nitrogen fixation bacteria and mycorhizal fungi, crop water uptake rate are liable to disturbances by allelochemicals (Yarnia, 2009).

The occurrence of natural allelopathic activity in crops has significant negative and positive implication for cropping systems. The relevance of the allelopathic properties of some crops has been suggested for weed management owing to the possibility of reduction in usage of expensive, pollutant synthetic herbicides (Marine). Aqueous extract of plants may interfere with test crop germination and seedling of growth by i) causing plant growth inhibition (allelopathy) ii) causing nutrient transformation and/or iii) by influencing the microbial population that can affect the crop seedlings (Kruse et al., 2000).

Allelopathic substances were first detected by Davis (1928) in black walnut tree(Juglans nigra) whose foliar leachates containing Juglone was found to damage germination and seedling growth of crops beneath the tree. (Bora et al., 1999) found the allelopathic effect of leaf extracts of Acacia auriculiformis on seed germination of some agricultural crops. It was also reported that allelopathic effect is species specific and concentration dependent (Einhelling, 1996). It was also noticed that leaves of Conyza  albida had  more  allelopathic  effect  than  stems,  additionally  and it  was  reported that leaves of congress weed (Tefera, 2002) and alfalfa (Chon and Kim, 2002) had more allelopathic  effect  than  stem  and  roots.  Moreover, it was reported that some plants can release allelopathic compounds later in the crop growth (Ben – Hammouda et al., 2001).

Allelochemicals  that  inhibit  the growth of some species at certain concentrations  might  in  fact  stimulate  the  growth  of  the  same  or  different  species  at  different  concentrations  (Narwal, 1994).  It  is  thus  essential  to  identify  concentrations  at  which  each  specific  response  occurs.

Plant extracts of some trees and crop residues have been reported to influence crop growth and yield (Farroq, et al., 2008; Ahmed and Nimer, 2002; El Atta and Bashir, 1999; Chung and Miller, 1995; Gueizzi, et al., 1967).   Rapid and uniform germination with emergence are desirable for well establishment in vegetables.  Various  chemicals  are employed  to  increase  germination  as  well as  growth  of vegetables but  high  rates  of  fertilizer  application particularly nitrogen  (N) fertilizers can delay  and reduce seedling  emergence  of many  vegetable  crops.  Due  to being  expensive  along  with  hazardous  toxic  effects of chemical  compounds,  use  of  natural  and  biodegradable substances like fresh plant extracts  has drawn significant importance during the last few decades. After 1950 Science findings showed that allelopathic interactions between crops and weeds are almost a reason for reduced crops in cultivated plants. Most  of  weeds  specious have  deterrent  effects  on  crops,  but  some  of  them  stimulated  seed germination and  also the production of crops. Allelochemicals inhibit seed germination  by  blocking  hydrolysis  of  nutrients reserve  and  cell  division  (Irshad  and  Cheema  2004),  and  cause  significant  reductions  in  the growth  of  plumule  and  radicle  of  various  crops  (Ogbe et al., 1994). 

Allelopathy inhibition is complex and can involve the interaction of different classes of chemicals such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, glycosides, and glucosinolates. These chemicals called secondary metabolites are known to be exuded by plants to suppress emergence or growth of other plants. These substances are phytotoxic and can be suggestive of their potentials as natural herbicides (Avila et al., 2006). These secondary metabolites released by plants may influence resource competition, nutrient dynamics, microbial ecology, mycorrhizae, and even soil abiotic factors. When plants are exposed to allelochemicals, their growth and development are affected through inhibition of seed germination/or seedling growth decrease. The readily visible effects include inhibited or retarded germination rate, seeds darkening and swelling, reduced root or radicle and shoot or coleoptile extension, swelling or necrosis of root tips, curling of the root axis, discolouration, lack of root hairs, reduced dry weight accumulation, and lowered reproductive capacity (Modupe, 2014).

Evidence for allelopathy has accumulated in the literature over many years and many kinds of allelochemicals have been isolated and characterized from various plants (Gross and Paritheir, 1994; Seigler, 1996) which provided an extensive review of allelopathy emphasizing its importance in agriculture and forestry. In agroforestry, allelopathy has been correlated to problems with crop production on certain soil types (Bhatt and Todaria, 1990), and with certain types of crop rotations (Patrick, 1971). The phenomenon of allelopathy where one plant exerts detrimental effect on another through the production of germination and growth inhibiting substances has been widely reported (Rizvi et al., 2000). A number of weed and crop species have been reported to possess allelopathic activity on the growth of other plant species (Rice, 1984).

Allelopathy is expected to be a most important mechanism in the plant invasion process because the new chemicals produced by the invader could allow these newly arrived species to dominate natural plant one of the important mechanisms for the successful (Anita et al., 2013).

 

1.1     BOTANY OF THE PLANT

Drumstick  tree  (Moringa oleifera)  is  a horse  radish  tree belonging to  the  family  of  Moringaceae, associated  with multipurpose  attributes,  wide  adoptability,  and  ease of establishment. Its leaves, pods, and flowers are packed with nutrients important to both human and animals. M. oleifera is a native to north India but is now found throughout the tropics. M.oleifera is not a nitrogen fixing tree, but its fruits, flowers and leaves all contain 5% to 10% protein on average. All of these parts are eaten widely as vegetables; provide excellent food, for both humans and eaten like green beans.  These  roots  taste  similar  to  horse  radish  and  is  popular  food  (leaves)  in  the  East  Africa. M. oleifera flowers also produce good honey.

It has density of 0.5 to 0.7 and yield approximately 4,600kcaL/kg (Bashir et al., 2014).

Moringa  (Moringa  oleifera)  is  considered  as  one  of the world’s most useful trees, as  almost every part of the tree  has  an impressive effect of food, medication and  industrial  purposes  (Khalafalla  et  al.,  2010; Adebayo  et  al.,  2011;  Moyo  et  al., 2011).  Now-a-days,  moringa plant  has  attained  enormous  attention  because  of having  cytokinin,  antioxidants,  macro  and  micronutrients  in  its  leaves  (Abdalla  and  El-Khoshiban, 2012;  Abdalla,  2013).  Moringa has proved to be a potential source for research as scientists have moved their focus to this “Miracle tree".

Senna alata L.) Roxb. (Previously name Cassia alata) is a medicinal plant in Leguminosae family. It has many common names such as: Candle bush, Acapulo, Ringworm bush, and Calabra bush. The plant is a shrub normally 1 - 2 m high but sometimes up to 5 m high and has horizontally spread branches. Leaves are paripinnate,  30 - 60 cm long; consisting of 8 - 20 pair of leaflets,  each  leaflet  is  oblong  or  elliptic  oblong,  rounded  at  both,  ends,  5  -  15  by  3  -  7  cm, glabrous. The petioles are robust, 2 - 3 mm long. Flowers are densely in axillary racemes, about 20 - 50 cm long and 3 - 4 cm broad. The bracts are caduceus, 2 - 3 by 1 - 2 cm broad. The pedicels are very short, about 2 - 4 m long. There are 5, unequal, oblong, 10 - 20 by 6 - 7 mm, green sepals. The petals are bright yellow, ovate-orbicular to spathulate, short-clawed, 2 by 1 - 1.5cm. There are 9 - 10 stamens; 2 large, 4 small and 3 - 4 stamens are reduced. The anthers are opening by apical pores. There is only one pistil and glabrous ovary. Fruit is a thick, flattened, wing,  glabrous  pod,  10  -  15  by  1.5  -  2  cm.  The wings are 5 mm broad.  Seed  are  about  50, flattened,  more  or  less  quadrangular,  7  -  10  by  5  -  8  mm  and  black.  Senna alata grows well in full sun in a wide range of soils, which retain moisture adequately. The plants grow in waste places, often along ditches between rice-fields. The plants are usually propagated by seeds and distributed all  over the country up to 1,500  m above sea level;  sometimes  they  are  cultivated  for  medical  purposes  (Farnsworth  and  Bunyapraphatsara, 1992).

 

1.2     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This research is aimed at determining and comparing the effects of aqueous and ethanoic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera and Senna alata to access and evaluate:

·      Germination of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) on the extracts of Moringa oleifera and Senna alata

·      Seedling growth of maize (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) on the extracts of Moringa oleifera and Senna alata

 

 

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