ABSTRACTS
This
project work is on design and construction of waste incinerator. It was
designed and constructed to solve the problems of littering and land-filling of
waste around polytechnic Dutse to avoid human and environmental effect. It was constructed
from available local materials such as basic standard size concrete blocks all
to a number of about 175 pieces. Other materials used are concrete blocks,
cement, steel, crushed stones, wood and binding wire. The features of this
incinerator model comprised a simple dual compartment; burning zones,
natural-draught air inlet opening, a chimney, top-loading and ash removal
doors. This model was designed to be operated at temperatures of 750oC
and higher. The performance of the incinerator varied and depended on the
moisture content of the solid waste.
.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S/N
/ Items Page
Title
page _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ i
Declaration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ii
Certification _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ iii
Dedication
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ iv
Acknowledgement
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v
Abstract.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ vi
Table
of content _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ vii
1.0 introduction 1
1.1
Background of study _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1
1.2
Statement of the problem _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ 2
1.3
Aim and Objective _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ __4
1.4
Significance of the study _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _4
1.5.1 Scope
and Limitation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _4
2.0 Literature
Review _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ __ _ 4
2.1 Incinerator _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _5
2.1 Historical review
of the waste incinerator _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5
2.2
Causes of incinerator failure _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _7
2.3
Causes of incinerator deterioration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7
3.0 Methodology 9
3.1
Project design _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ 9
3.1.1
Architectural design _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ 9
3.1.2
Structural design _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _11
3.2.0
Finding the suitable location _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __
_ _ _ _ 11
3.2.1
Reason for selecting location _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 12
3.2.2
Land sizing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _12
3.3.0
Construction steps _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ 12
3.3.1
Site visitation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _12
3.3.2
Site clearance _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _12
3.3.3
Setting out _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _13
3.3.4
Trench excavation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _14
3.3.5
Concrete in foundation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ 15
3.3.6
Block work in foundation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _16
3.3.7
Form work _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16
3.3.8
Oversite concrete _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ 17
3.3.9
Block work of ash chamber _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 17
3.3.10
Form work of burning chamber slab _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _18
3.3.11
Steel reinforcement _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 18
3.3.12
Casting of burning slab concrete_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 19
3.3.13
Blockwork of burning chamber _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19
3.3.14
Formwork of roof slab _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 20
3.3.15
Roof slab steel reinforcement _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 20
3.3.16
Casting of roof slab _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _21
3.3.17
Block work of chimney _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ 22
3.4
General operation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _23
3.5
Materials _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _23
4.0 Results and Discussions 51
4.1.
Result _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _24
4.1.1
Obtaining the waste _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ 24
4.1.2
Location of the incinerator _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ 24
4.1.3
Test and observation of incinerator _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _24
4.1.4
Preparing the waste for combustion _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
__ _ _ _ 24
4.1.5
Final stages of incineration _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ 24
4.2
Discussion _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _25
4.3
Final outcome of the project _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _25
4.3.1
Mode of operation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _26
4.3.2
Problems encountered _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ 26
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _27
5.1
Conclusion _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _27
5.2
Recommendations _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _27
References
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ 29
LIST
OF TABLES
Table
3.5 shows materials description
LIST
OF DIAGRAM AND PLATES
Diagram 3.1.1.0. Showing The floor plan of the incinerator
Diagram
3.1.1.1. Showing the section of the incinerator
Plate 3.3.3. Showing the Setting out of the project
Plate 3.3.4 Showing the Trench excavation
Plate
3.3.5 Showing the concrete in
foundation
Plate
3.3.6 Showing the block
work in foundation
Plate
3.3.7 Showing the form work
Plate
3.3.8
Showing the oversite
concrete
Plate 3.3.9 Showing the block work of ash chamber
Plate 3.3.10 Showing the formwork of burning chamber slab
Plate 3.3.11 Showing the steel reinforcement
Plate 3.3.12 Showing the casting
of burning slab concrete
Plate 3.3.13 Showing the block
work in burning chamber
Plate 3.3.14 Showing the formwork of roof slab
Plate 3.3.15 Showing the roof slab reinforcement
Plate 3.3.16 Showing the casting
of roof slab
Plate 3.3.17 Showing the block
work in chimney
Plate 4.3 showing the complete construction of the incinerator
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
The waste incineration is a simple two-chamber
natural-draught incinerator designed to be operated at temperatures of 800oC
and higher. The performance of the
incinerator will vary depending on the moisture content of the medical waste
but a throughput of up to 15kg/hour can be achieved. The incinerator has been designed so that it
can be built on site, using standard building bricks or blocks and lined with
refractory bricks. All the steel
components, such as the loading door, the ash removal door and air inlet
apertures can be made using basic workshop equipment. Wood, wood and dry waste soaked in kerosene
or diesel is required initially to start the combustion process. Once the correct temperature is reached, the
medical waste is loaded into the incinerator (Magrinho et al., 2006).
Municipal
solid waste management is an important part of the urban infrastructure that ensures
the protection of environment and human health (Sandna, 1982). The degradation
of the environment caused by inefficient disposal of waste can be expressed by
the contamination of soil, surface and ground water through leachate; the
spreading of diseases by different vectors like birds, insects and rodents.
There is also the uncontrolled release of methane by anaerobic decomposition of
waste and air pollution by open burning of waste. The sustainability of the
land filling system has become a global challenge due to increased
environmental concerns. Growing public opposition together with unavailability
of land is one of the reasons why obtaining sites for new landfill is becoming
increasingly difficult. Locating a landfill far away from the urban area or far
away from the source of waste generation increases transfer costs and
additional investments for the infrastructure of roads, hence intensifying the
financial problems of the responsible authorities. Common problems for
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in the cities include institutional
deficiencies, inadequate legislation and resource constraints (Magrinho et al., 2006). Long- and short-term
plans are inadequate due to capital and human resource limitations. There is a
need to practice integrated solid waste management approach such as:
Incorporation of more environmental and economic friendly concepts of source
separation; recovery of waste; legitimization of the informal systems; partial
privatization and public participation (Kreth, 1994). Although some governments
have formulated policies for environmental protection, they were only
implemented in the national capital cities. In rural areas, open dumping is
still considered the most popular method of solid waste disposal. The
challenges of urban solid waste management can be addressed by building an
incinerator to thermally treat the solid waste as a part of the integrated
waste management method. The incineration of solid waste reduces the waste to
about 10% to 15% of its original volume, destroys all the harmful substances
contained in the waste, and so it is very ideal in big cities where the
availability of land is very scarce (Knox,2005). The equipment can also be
incorporated with a heat recovery device to produce steam for process industries
and power plants. The process of incineration involves taking into
consideration the temperature the combusting gases reach, the length of time
the gases remain at elevated temperatures, how well the air and the gases are
mixed and whether there is adequate oxygen to permit complete combustion
(Nissen, 2014). The incineration of solid waste is imperative in a situation
whereby the waste is so degraded to such extent that recycling is no longer
cost effective. Methodology The detail design of the incinerator was done to
calculate the mass and heat balance of the system, these were used to determine
the size of the blower and also determine if an auxiliary burner is needed. The
construction of the equipment was done with mild steel and refractory bricks.
Much of the medical waste will have value as a fuel and will contribute towards
combustion but additional wood or kerosene may be required to ensure that
adequate combustion temperatures are maintained. The initial combustion occurs
in the primary chamber and then the hot gases pass into the secondary chamber
where the combustion process is completed.
The two-chamber design helps to ensure that the combustion time is
sufficient to destroy the products of combustion and minimize any harmful
emissions. The incinerator should be situated under a simple open-sided roofed
structure, such as a lean-to, away from tall buildings and in an area free from
air turbulence. Although it can be
operated in the open, a roof will help to protect the incinerator from rain and
provides shelter for the operator (Oyelola et al, 2011). The incinerator is
capable of incinerating most types of medical waste including textiles,
plastics and packaging. It can also
incinerate most types of drugs, medicines, vaccines and sharps – as long as
they are mixed with other wastes.
However, as grease-based products, such as ointments, creams and
Vaseline create large quantities of dense black smoke when burned, they are
best disposed of by other means.
The
medical waste incinerator is a simple two-chamber natural-draught incinerator
designed to be operated at temperatures of 800oC and higher. The performance of the incinerator will vary
depending on the moisture content of the medical waste but a throughput of up
to 12kg/hour can be achieved (Niessen, 2014). The incinerator has been designed
so that it can be built on site, using standard building bricks or blocks and
lined with refractory bricks. All the
steel components, such 15 as the loading door, the ash removal door and air
inlet apertures can be made using basic workshop equipment. Wood and dry waste
soaked in kerosene or diesel is required initially to start the combustion
process. Once the correct temperature is
reached, the medical waste is loaded into the incinerator. Much of the medical waste will have value as
a fuel and will contribute towards combustion but additional wood or kerosene
may be required to ensure that adequate combustion temperatures are maintained.
The
initial combustion occurs in the primary chamber and then the hot gases pass
into the secondary chamber where the combustion process is completed. The two-chamber design helps to ensure that
the combustion time is sufficient to destroy the products of combustion and
minimize any harmful emissions. The incinerator should be situated under a
simple open-sided roofed structure, such as a lean- to, away from tall
buildings and in an area free from air turbulence. Although it can be operated in the open, a
roof will help to protect the incinerator from rain and provides shelter for
the operator. The incinerator is capable of incinerating most types of medical
waste including textiles, plastics and packaging. It can also incinerate most types of drugs,
medicines, vaccines and sharps, as long as they are mixed with other
wastes. However, grease-based products,
such as ointments, creams and Vaseline create large quantities of dense black
smoke when burned, they are best disposed of by other means. It was also
evident that environmental, legal and economic considerations were part of the
design parameter. he efficient management of solid waste is very important to
public health and well-being of urban residents (Ernst, 2008). In most cities
in the developing world, several tons of municipal solid waste is left
uncollected on the streets each day, interfering with the free flow of
drainage, creating feeding ground for pests that spread diseases and creating
an enormous health and infrastructural problems.
1.2
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The
waste incinerator has been developed and constructed by some researchers in
different shape and materials. Wastes creates a lot of problem to people which
include: drainage blockage [flooding] traffic jam, health hazard and attractive
environment. Despite the rapid growth of is population, area such as Jigawa
State Polytechnic have never had any clear master plan to reorganize the
planning and settlement since the establishment of the polytechnic. This has
put process on the unfractured which has resulted in many complex problem
regarding settlement notably waste pollution, where the waste problem is
visible in most part of the area urban centers on the road, within the
neighborhood and around the residential buildings and in different place of the
urban areas failure to address waste incinerator related issues is
expected to lead to numerous social and
environmental contaminations.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 AIM
The broad aim of this project is to construct waste incinerator using concrete
block.
1.3.2 OBJECTIVES
The objective of the project are as follows:
1. To
design incinerator for effective and efficient waste management
2. Assessing environment impact assessment of the project
3. Cost estimate of the project
4. By preparing of optional plan
5. Training and capacity building
6. By assessing environmental impact assessment of the project.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
STUDY
The significance of this study is:
It will help to maintain efficient and effective waste incinerator system of
the study area.
Furthermore, it will help in improving the environment condition of Jigawa
State Polytechnic Dutse. The finding this study will also the basic for further
research in the study area.
Finally it will help in the prevention and control of the diseases associated
with solid waste.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This project would be focus on the waste incinerators, how to manage waste
disposed in Jigawa State Polytechnic Dutse and it would construct only to
Jigawa State Polytechnic Dutse. The group of respondents include Builders,
Quantity surveyors, Architect and Environmental health workers or office.
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