ASSESSMENT INTO GENDER DISCRIMINATION ON FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN SPORTS A CASE STUDY OF JIGAWA STATE SPORT COUNCILS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The area of physical education and sports like many others in stepped with tradition, taboos, and myths. In medicine or engineering for instance such traditionally originated myths often disappear under close scrutiny of scientific analysis. In education as in any other social-discipline, the primary area of interest, human behaviors do not tend its easily to scientific analysis.

According to Shelia (2009) these fields are more conducive to the birth and growth unchallenged ideas which after years of fomentations suddenly appear as truth or principles. The emergence of women in sport is largely a twentieth century phenomenon. In fact women made their appearance in the Olympic in the 1900 (Bucher 2001). Even when Olympic were revered, women were not allowed to participate. The male have offered varied rationalization for subordinating women and much of it has rested upon the dubious assumptions of women's inherent weakness. The notice that women have been conditioned to be what they are is deeply rooted in prejudicial social patterns different cultures. Women through the ages have always been viewed to be made sugar and spices picture of a women was conjured up which seems to militated agains females doing anything too physical. Adeyonjo and Shuaibu (2005) observed that in Nigeria the females faces greater stress than her male counterpart because she is working against the expected traditional feminine role when she commits herself to serious athletic competition. In fact in some parts of the country women are forbidden to expose themselves beyond the knee and elbow. Such women find it difficult to take part in sport which would require them to wear shorts, skirts and sleeveless vests. The case of Sokoto State Legislation of (2008) and Shari'a Legislation 2000 in some parts of the North comes to mind.

Faluyi (2005) opined that the influence of culture, tradition on women cannot be under estimated when analyzing the factors affecting participation in sport. Most Nigerian women retire automatically from active sports when they married in preparation for marital duties. When they Start having children, they forget they ever took part in sports. Studies have shown that physically becoming a mother is not any more detriments to sports than becoming of others.

Kaplon, (2001), Klats and Ambenn, (2013) so many women in develops countries have become impressive athletics that doctors call pregnancy a nine months conditioning programme (Fox and Mathews, 2002). In Nigeria, our women are trying to emulate their female counterparts in developed countries as few women no longer withdraw from competitive sports. Bold as these steps may seem, Abide and Dashe (2012) opined that the liberation of Nigerian women in sports in still greatly handicapped by the fact that men dislike the behaviour of women. A women's identify according to Mshelia (2004) from historical times has been tied to that of her husband, family and significant others. Hence for a woman to be in valued and continue active participation in sports. She must be located in social environment highly supporting her activities.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Under careful study of this country, it could be observed that recognition given to physical education is not the same in the state. Some activities of Programmed education recognize physical States more than others. This has been the more reasons why in some states, female is encouraged and, in some event, not allowed or derived the right to participated in one reason or the other. Dutse in Jigawa State, where this study is conducted, the level of female participating in sport and physical education are not encouraging. Many factors have suggested as being responsible for the law rate of female involvement in sports and re-oriented activities. However, two of such factors have attract the researcher attention these are cultural and religious factors, therefore the researcher has intended to find out the influence of culture and religion on female how participating in sports Women have not been involved in sports on a much large scale because societies have discouraged women from competing in sports by dwelling on several myths: (Adeyanju, 1993). These myths included:

a. The inability of women to remain feminine while participating in athletics. Men regarded women athletes as masculine because sports require some degree of development of muscular strength.

b. The inability of women to engage in strenuous physical activities.

c. The belief that physical activities are harmful to the gynecological process such as child conception and birth.

d. Psychological inability of the female to deal with the stresses of competition.

e. Cultural factor is another phenomenon that had inhibited the dimension of women participation.

f. Religious reasons.

g. Domestic responsibility of women folk which tended to describe them as purely home keepers.

h. Media coverage of men sporting events is more pronounced compared to the women.

Non awareness by women of the gains of participation in sports. (Coakley, 1984). Sex discrimination has been a major feature in sport programs in the vast majority of United States of America and Nigeria. It became so pronounced in 1990 in the USA that researchers started looking into the problem. This was so obvious in the facilities and equipment that women were made to practice in old gymnasium with old facilities where ultra-modern stadia were built for men with modern or recent facilities and equipment. Women were not given training care where and when men took airplanes, women were made to take buses. Most often, male coaches were made available to coach female athletes. This is not too good because he would not understand and be sensitive to the problems and needs of female athletes; and also they would not be disposed to revealing their problems to him (Coakley, 2018).

1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aims and objectives of the study is to make assessment into gender discrimination on female participation into sports: a case study of Jigawa state sport councils. Other specific objectives are:

1. To determine factors responsible for gender discrimination in the society
2. To investigate whether cultural factor affect female participation in sport
3. To assess whether religion factor affect female participation
4. To identify ways to reduce gender discrimination on female participation in sport in Jigawa state

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION

The following research question was formulated;

1. What are the factors responsible for gender discrimination in the society?
2. Does cultural factor affect female participation into sport in Jigawa state?
3. Does religion factor affect female participation into sport in Jigawa State?
4. What are the ways to reduce gender discrimination on female participation into sport in Jigawa state?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The following hypothesis were formulated in alternative and null form

Hypothesis one

H1: there are factors responsible for gender discrimination in the society

H0: there are no factors responsible for gender discrimination in the society

Hypothesis Two

Hi: cultural factor affects female participation into sport in Jigawa state

Ho: cultural factor does not affect female participation into sport in Jigawa state

Hypothesis three

Hi: Religion factor affect female participation into sport in Jigawa State

Ho: Religion factor does not affect female participation into sport in Jigawa State

Hypothesis four

Hi: there are significance ways to reduce gender discrimination on female participation into sport in Jigawa state

Ho: there are no significance ways to reduce gender discrimination on female participation into sport in Jigawa state

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study was serving as information and knowledge retrieval in this area and serve as reference materials to future students and researchers who want to further this research. Moreover, the study is of great significance as it would expose the level of gender discrimination on female participation into sport in jigawa state and provide ways to reduce and improve female participation in sport. State and local government will find this study very useful especially in providing the necessary facilities and arouse female to participate fully in physical activities and sports.

1.7 HISTORY OF THE STUDY AREA

Dutse is a city located in northern Nigeria. It is the capital city of Jigawa State. With an estimated population of 153,000 as at 2009, Dutse is currently the largest city in Jigawa State followed by Hadejia (111,000), Gumel (43,000), and Birnin Kudu (27,000). Dutse is the capital of Jigawa state of Nigeria. The state was created in 1991 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida. Dutse (Dutsi, in earlier notes) got its name from the rocky topography peculiar to the area. Different forms of rocks can be seen widely spread across the town. Mostly igneous in nature, the rocky town got its name from these naturally endowed resources, Dutse (Hausa term for rock). Dutse and it environ are well known for Date Trees (Dabino) of different variety. The area is characterised with undulating topography and hilly walls. The name Jigawa (from Jigayi) is attributed to such topology. Peculiar to the North- Western states, the population of Dutse is predominantly Hausa and Fulani. With availability of agrarian land, the inhabitants of Dutse are predominantly farmers; other occupations typical to rural area are also available among the populace. It is home to Federal University, Dutse established in November 2011. In addition to the Federal University Dutse.

1.8 DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS

Gender Discrimination: Gender discrimination refers to unfair treatment or prejudice based on a person's gender. In this context, it involves practices or attitudes that restrict or limit the participation of females in sports compared to their male counterparts.

Female Participation: This term refers to the involvement and active engagement of women and girls in various sports activities, including playing, coaching, managing, or organizing sports events.

Sports: Sports include all forms of physical activities or games that involve competition and are governed by a set of rules or customs. This includes both individual and team-based sports.

Assessment: Assessment in this context refers to the process of evaluating the extent, causes, and effects of gender discrimination on female involvement in sports. It also includes identifying possible solutions or recommendations to enhance female participation.

Gender Equality: Gender equality in sports refers to providing equal opportunities, resources, and recognition to both men and women, allowing fair access and participation in all sports-related activities.

Representation: Representation refers to the presence and visibility of women in various roles within sports, including athletes, coaches, administrators, and decision-makers.

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