TABLE OF
CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
1.5 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
1.7 THE
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.8 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THE TERM COMMUNITY
2.2 TYPES OF COMMUNITY
2.3 THE TERM COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
2.4 APPROACHES TO COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
2.5 CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION
2.6 TRADITIONAL MEDIA
2.7 THE MODERN MEDIA
2.8 INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL.
2.9
IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION IN DEVELOPMENT
2.10 THE ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
2.11 APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 THE DESIGN
3.3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
3.4 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
3.5 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3.6 VALIDTY AND RELIABILITY
3.7
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.8
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 DATA PRESENTATION
AND INTERPRETATION
4.3 TESTING
OF HYPOTHESIS
4.4 DISCUSSION
OF FINDINGS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SUMMARY
5.3 CONCLUSION
5.4 RECOMMENDATION
APPENDIX:
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The issue of
community development has taken a new trend globally. Inhabitants of various
communities are expected to mobilize their resources and direct them towards
their development.
Community
development is a skilled process and part of its approach is the belief that
communities can not be helped unless they themselves agree to the process, that
is, community mobilization. This is a
process where community action, either internally or externally promoted, is planned,
undertaken and assessed by community’s individuals, groups, and organizations
on a participatory and steady basis to improve health, hygiene and education
level and better overall living conditions in the community. Julius Nyerere (1973).
Ukaegbu et
al (1993) explains that, community development projects are seen in terms of
their expected contributions to the better life of a target population. Community development activities needs
peoples involvement at all stages of its delivery.
Community
development has been sometimes explicit and sometimes implicit goals of
community people, aiming to achieve through collective effort, a better life
that has occurred throughout history. Maureen Ngozichukwuka Egenti. (2005).
The 1954
Ashridge conference in England defined community development as a movement
which is designed to promote better living for the whole community with the
active participation and on the initiative of the community.
In 1956, the
United Nation Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) an organ of the UN defines
the term community development as the processes by which the effort of the
people themselves are united with those of governmental authorities, its
agencies and non-governmental organizations to improve the economic, social and
cultural conditions of communities, to integrate these communities into the
life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress.
Community
development seeks to empower individuals and groups of people by providing
these groups with the skills they need to effect change in their
communities. Ashok Kumar (1980).
Committee
for Development, U K (2005) stated that, community development is the
structured intervention that gives communities greater control over conditions
that affects their lives.
Several
scholars have regarded community development as the life- blood of every
nation. Its importance is so enormous
that every country of the world, either developing or developed is implementing
series of developmental programmes, so as to foster national development.
Community
Development Programmes is a socio-economic programme aimed at developing and
reconstructing the rural society. It
aims at involving people in the development programmes and making them become
self reliant and co-operative. It also aims at encouraging them to take new
means for development of the rural society.
It is a strategy which brings about an increase in the standard of
living. Its importance can not be
underrated.
Some areas
in which community development programmes have been of help are as follows:
·
Growth of
Agriculture: Agriculture occupies and plays an important role in any country’s
economy. The development of agriculture
is directly within the womb of community development. Community development activities seek to
promote agricultural extension programmes so as to boost food production.
·
Health
Services: Another gift of community
development programmes is the creation of facilities for public health. Through medical orientation, infant mortality
and epidemics have been reduced.
·
Motivation
of People towards Nation Building:
Community development programmes plays important role in mobilizing and
directing the people towards development. It helps in imparting the spirit of
community living and oneness into the community people which in turn fosters
development.
However
community development can be of various forms. Community development as a
process; as a process it is responsible for bringing about social changes.
Community development is not only a process that brings about social changes,
but also a method of achieving it based on the co-operation of people. Moreso, community development is also seen as
a programme on the basis of which process of change is carried out. Note, without proper programme, neither
method nor the process shall have any utility.
Lastly, community development is also seen as a movement, that is a
movement for eradicating illiteracy, unemployment, and poverty.
In outlining
community development strategies, some factors which enhances community
development must be put into consideration, part of which are; foremost, the community development project
or programme should be holistic in nature. Through participatory research
method, a comprehensive need assessment should be undertaken. This will ensure that community inhabitants
play an active part in the community development project. Secondly, in regard to the impact the project
will have on the community, there should be a long term vision for the
community.
Note, as
some factors enhances community development activities, so also do some factors
militate against it. There are numerous
obstacles which may hinder the ideal
community development process. Awareness of the obstacle may be the first
factor. Given the holistic nature of an ideal community development project,
lack of partnership or unified vision among community members may impede this
process. Moreso, lack of access to
information or lack of access to community meeting might pose a problem to
community development process. The entire community inhabitant should be
properly involved and have access to information that will foster their
development; else the community development effort will be futile.
However,
Communication is regarded to have been an integral part of community
development. Many countries of the world
have attached their development to an effective communication network.
Furthermore,
it is said that communication can not be detached from the mass media and
traditional media. Communication is a tool
in the hand of the media; therefore it is paramount for the media to
disseminate appropriate and vital information to the community dwellers at the
right time. Having access to this
information, knowledge and ideas, community development will take place as the
people will participate in their own development. This will tend to reduce rural-urban drift to
the bearest minimum.
According to
Ashok Kumar (2005) communication is considered to be a vital tool for rural and
community development. Rural and community people should not be denied the
right to have access to vital information that will foster their development.
Based on the
report of the panel of Newseum in Washington D.C on September 12, it was
ascertained that communication is an essential tool for advocacy and
mobilization in which every government must use for mobilization towards
development.
Ann Bush, (
communication and the Media, 2007) stated that mass media which is the media
for large audience could serve as a medium for Adult Education and Literacy
programmme which will foster community development.
People’s
participation in community development programmes is becoming the central issue
of our time and this participation requires communication. Development programmes can only realize their
full potential if knowledge, ideas, information and technology are shared
effectively and if populations are motivated and committed to achieve
success. Communication is central to this
task in many ways. For example it enables
planners, when formulating developmental programmes to consult with people in
order to take into account their needs, attitudes and traditional
knowledge. Only with communication will
the project beneficiaries become the principal actors to make development
programmes successful (UNDP Human Development Report, 1993).
Issa (1998:
132) asserts that, community development forms the platform for national
development but this could only be achieved through an effective communication
system. He observes that “the rural
populace suffers from acute low productivity, social and economic
retrogression, lack of access to developmental knowledge and ideas due mainly
to ignorance which is also the direct consequence of either inadequate or total
lack of communicating necessary information, ideas and knowledge to them”.
The usage of
communication techniques, activities and media, gives people powerful tools
both to experience change and actually to guide it. An intensified exchange of ideas, knowledge
and information among all sectors of the society can lead to the greater
involvement of people in a common cause.
Communication is a fundamental requirement for appropriate and
sustainable rural and community development.
In achieving
this great task, one can infer that the various forms of media, that is the
modern and traditional media, should form the channels of information
dissemination to the rural inhabitants.
With this, ideas and new knowledge could be shared between the community
dwellers and this will in turn foster their development.
According to
the United Nation (UN) communication plays a key role in community development,
most especially women development. The area where communication is said to have
been important includes, helping women’s group to increase their self
determination and to broaden the dialogue between sexes regarding rights,
privileges and responsibilities.
Mabogunje in
his book “the role of communication in development, 2008” highlighted the
followings as the area in which communication can be of help to the rural
dwellers
·
Malnutrition: In December 1992, it is ascertain by the International Conference on
Nutrition that 780 million people of the world, mostly rural dwellers suffers
from chronic malnutrition. Therefore, at
the planners’ level, incorporation of nutritional concerns into developmental
policies is of great importance.
·
Rural poverty: Most rural areas are characterized by reliance on traditional knowledge
and production system. In order to
eradicate this social ill, communication between local communities and national
planners and policy makers becomes important. New knowledge and skills need to
be impacted into the rural dwellers so as to better their living conditions.
·
Population growth: Over population in the rural areas is exerting
pressure on natural resources, food production and the ability of government to
provide basic services, population growth depends on choices made by
individuals. Helping people to make more
and informed choices by raising their awareness on the implication of family
size and unwanted pregnancy and family planning, forms an important role that
communication plays in both community and national development.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
The
fundamental aim of community development is to empower community inhabitants
with essential and adequate information, ideas, skills and knowledge which will
foster their development. Development
can only be achieved if only adequate developmental information is passed to
the populace of the rural areas.
Community
development is the coming together of community dwellers or inhabitants to
identify their felt needs and mobilize their resources and direct them towards
the achievement of their needs. The
Lagos state government has designed and implemented several developmental
programmes, hoping that, such programmes would yield a desired result.
Millions of
Naira is spent annually to provide drugs to General hospitals for the treatment
of diseases. It was discovered that
community dwellers lack hygienic attitude, they live in dirty environment and
drink in pure water. Moreso, poverty
ravages the community inhabitants as most of them are peasant farmers and petty
traders.
Lagos state
has the potential to develop all sects of human endeavors, more especially if
communication services are fully enhanced in the rural communities throughout
Lagos State. Effective communication
service in the rural community enhances development, despite the condition of
the rural dwellers in Lagos State, one may ask; in what ways can effective
communication service contribute to community development in Lagos State. The answer lies in the usage of the various
forms of media to disseminate new knowledge and skills into the rural community
inhabitants, the provision of essential amenity like electricity, usage of effective
communication to eradicate illiteracy and ignorance and finally mobilizing the
community inhabitants to participate in activities that will foster their
development.
Though,
communication plays an important role in community development but, most rural
areas in Lagos state lacks social amenity like electricity, which is assumed to
be the major source of power supply to information and communication gadgets;
television, digital video display and computers. Then we are faced with the problem of how
information, ideas and knowledge would be disseminated by the media for
development when essential amenity is not available.
1.3 PURPOSE
OF THE STUDY
The purpose
of the study is to ascertain the role of communication in community
development.
Specifically
the study will:
i.
Determine
the major sources of communication in rural areas.
ii.
Ascertain
the level of access to communication channels among rural dwellers.
iii.
Asses to
what extent access to communication channels determines levels of involvement
in community development programmes.
iv.
Determine
whether access to communication channels, information and knowledge plays
significant role in community development.
v.
Determine
whether modern media is more effective than the traditional media in community
development.
1.4 RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
The sole aim
of this research work is to determine the role of communication on community
development. Therefore, the following research questions are formulated.
i.
What are the
major sources of communication in rural areas?
ii.
To what
extent are communication channels accessible to rural dwellers?
iii.
Is there any
relationship between access to communication channels and involvement in
community development programmes?
iv.
Is there any
relationship between access to communication channels, information and
knowledge and levels of community development among rural dwellers?
v.
Is the
modern media more effective in the delivery of community development programmes
than the traditional media?
1.6 RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS
The following hypotheses
are formulated.
i.
There is no
significant relationship between access to communication channels and
involvement in community development programmes.
ii.
There is no
significant relationship between access to communication channels, information
and knowledge and levels of community development among rural dwellers.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
fundamental objective of this case study is to add to the existing knowledge on
the effect of communication on community development. The focus is based on the
inhabitants of Ibeshe community. As most
rural areas in Lagos state are characterized with low infrastructural
development, illiteracy and ignorance, the researcher seeks to know whether
passing appropriate developmental information, ideas and knowledge to the
community dwellers can foster their development.
Therefore,
the outcome of this case study will be of immense benefit to man power
planners, administrators and community development programmes executors. As information gathered will be use to
determine whether communication and its channels could be use to foster
community development.
1.9 THE
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The essence
of this study is to examine the influence of communication on community
development in Lagos State. As all the
communities in Lagos State can not be covered owing to time and financial
constraints, this research work is limited to Ibeshe community in Ikorodu
environs.
Ibeshe
community is an ancient community, situated in Igbogbo Bayeku Local Council
Development Area. The community is
govern by the council chairman and the traditional monarch.
Questionnaires
were administered to the council officials, whilst some were shared among the
inhabitants of Ibeshe community, and the king and his chiefs.
1.10 DEFINITION
OF TERMS
Ø Utopian: An imaginary state or place in which everything
seems perfect.
Ø Media: Main ways by which large numbers of people
receive information and entertainment.
Ø Auspices: To help, aid or support someone or something.
Ø Mainstream: ideas and opinions that are thought to be normal
because they are shared by most people.
Ø Tabloid: A newspaper with small pages; contained short
article and a lot of pictures.
Ø Minstrel: A musician or a singer
Ø Riddle: A question that is difficult to understand and
have a surprising answer.
Ø Periodical: A magazine that is published every week, on
months; especially one that is concerned with an academic subject.
Ø Gemeinschaft: A cohesive social entirety due to the presence
of unity of will.
Ø Gessellschaft: A motivated social entity in which its groups
are formed by self interest.
Ø Folk: Music in traditional style of a country or a
community.
Ø Caption
writings: Words printed
underneath a picture.
Ø Dailies: Newspapers and magazines that contains news or
information.
Ø Primal: connected with earliest origin of life.
Ø Pulsate: making of strong regular movements or sound.
Ø Transmitter: A piece of equipment use for sending electronic
signals, especially radio or television signals.
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