ABSTRACT

The progress of a nation is a function of the level of the resourcefulness of the people which to a great extent, relates to the level of quality of the training and purposeful development of education in that nation. Such progress or development could only occur when an individual in the society is gainfully employed and per capital income is enhanced. This could only be possible when government educational policies are geared towards a functional education that can lead to job creation and also self reliance. Entrepreneurship education is a means through which government could attain such development in the society. Therefore, this paper examines how the role of entrepreneurship education and how it could help in job creation in Nigeria. The challenges of quality entrepreneurship education were also discussed. Finally, the paper advanced some suggestions on how to overcome the challenges so as to reduce unemployment and enhances job creation in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page                                                                                                                                i

Declaration                                                                                                                              ii

Approval Page                                                                                                                        iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  v

Abstract                                                                                                                                   vi        

Table of Content                                                                                                                     vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------------------------1

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem --------------------------------------------------------------------3

1.3 Research Questions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4

1.4 Aims and Objective of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------4

1.5 Hypothesis of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.6 Scope of the Study --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.7 Limitation of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.8 Significance of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------------------------5

1.9 Organization of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------------------6

1.10 Operation Definition of Terms ----------------------------------------------------------------------6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

2.1 Conceptual Settings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7

2.1.2 The Concept of Entrepreneurship Education -----------------------------------------------------7

2.1.3 The Concept of Entrepreneurship ------------------------------------------------------------------8

2.1.4 An Overview of the Concept of Employment and Unemployment ---------------------------13

2.2 Educational Policy and Entrepreneurship Education  ----------------------------------------------15

2.3 Entrepreneurship Education and Employment Creation -----------------------------------------16

2.3.1        How Entrepreneurship Education Could Help in Job Creation ------------------------------18

2.3.2 Challenges of Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria ------------------------------------------19

2.4 Empirical Literature ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20

2.5 Theoretical Frame work --------------------------------------------------------------------------------23

2.5.1 Innovation Theory of Entrepreneurship ------------------------------------------------------------24

2.5.2 Entrepreneurship Theory of Shane (2003) --------------------------------------------------------25

2.6 Research Gap  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

3.2 Study Area -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

3.3 Target Population ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

3.4 The Sample Size ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------28

3.5 Source of Data  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29

3.6. Instrument for Data Collection  ---------------------------------------------------------------------29

3.7 Reliability and Validity of Instruments -------------------------------------------------------------29

3.7.1 Reliability ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29

3.7.2 Validity of Instrument -------------------------------------------------------------------------------30

3.7 Pre-Testing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30

3.8 Sampling Procedure -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------30

3.9 Questionnaire Administration ------------------------------------------------------------------------31

3.10 Data Handling ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.0              Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------32

4.1              Socio-Demographic characteristics of respondents --------------------------------------------32

4.1.1          Gender of the Respondent ------------------------------------------------------------------------33

4.1.3 Marital Status of the Respondent -------------------------------------------------------------------34

4.1.3        Educational Attainment and enterprise engaged in -------------------------------------------34

4.1.4 Number of years without Business ----------------------------------------------------------------35

4.3 Problems affecting the conduct entrepreneurship education in job creation in Dutse --------36

4.4 The extent to which various entrepreneurial education programs have contributed to the decline in youth unemployment rate in Dutse --------------------------------------------------------------------38

4.3. Discussions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1  Summary of findings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------43

5.2  Conclusion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

5.3        Recommendations -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------45

References ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Age of respondents -----------------------------------------------------------------------------32

Table 4.2: Marital status of respondents ------------------------------------------------------------------33

Table 4. 3: Number of Children ----------------------------------------------------------------------------34

TABLE 4.4: The time respondents started accessing programme.------------------------------------35

TABLE 4.5: Reasons for liking or not liking anything about the entrepreneurship education programme  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37

TABLE 4.6: Conditions attached to Empowerment Programme -------------------------------------38

TABLE 7: Illustration of Improvement in Household Welfare ---------------------------------------40

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Education is the key to national development. This is because it unlocks the economic potentials of the people; empowers and equips individuals in society to participate in, and benefit from their national economy; facilitates economic development and provides the basis for transformation. Education is the essential tool for sustainability. The present global economic crises suggest that the entire world is in a war between financial/qualitative education and catastrophe. (Aluwong, 2010) Entrepreneurship education as part of the total educational system is the type of education that involves the acquisition of skills, ideas and management abilities necessary for job creation. An entrepreneur promotes employment rather than seeking for an employment. Therefore, there is a need to embrace this type of education and provide all the necessary resources needed to make functional. Quality entrepreneurship education could be used as a tool for fighting the war against poverty and unemployment in Nigeria.

Education is said to be qualitative when the input such as students, teachers, finance, facilities and equipment and all these are converted through teaching and learning (theory and practical) and produce a desirable output. The output is better equipped to serve themselves and the society. The quality of input influences to a large extent the quality of output. In other words, the quality of the input of entrepreneurship education such as teachers, students and infrastructural facilities will influence greatly, the input of the output (Olorunmolu, 2010). Therefore, quality entrepreneurship education will enhance job creation which will subsequently reduce unemployment, poverty and social vices in Nigeria. This will also help to improve the standard of living; hence promote social economic and political development in Nigeria which is the cardinal objective of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Also, for the recipient of entrepreneurship education to be a job creator rather than job-seeker, he might acquire essential basic skills and attitudes which will enable him to function as an entrepreneur.

However, there are some challenges militating against the production of quality entrepreneur in Nigeria. These may come from the government, parents or even from certain unpredictable environmental forces which are external. Unless these problems are looked into, the realization of the aim and objectives of quality entrepreneurship education in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Nigeria will be a mirage. It is therefore, against this background that this paper examines quality entrepreneurship education: A panacea for job creation in Nigeria. There is now a very serious attention paid to entrepreneurship education in tertiary institutions in Nigeria and the world-over. Gibson (2001), defined entrepreneurship as the process of using private initiative to transform a business concept into a new venture or to grow and diversify an existing venture or enterprise with high great potential. The reason for this ofcourse is obvious, Nigeria educational system that turns out graduates from about 150 Universities and 50 Polytechnics and Monotechnics have not trained our graduates to be self-reliant, but to depend solely on white collar jobs for sustenance. As a result, there are several graduates from Nigerian Universities today who are not gainfully employed. Apart from the book knowledge that they gained there are no requisite skills to make them self-dependent. There is therefore the need to engage the youth who constitute over 60 percent of the population in meaningful engagement to avoid unhealthy alternatives for this group of people.

Henry (2003), views entrepreneurship as the engine driving the economy of nations, creating new industries, young entrepreneurs, employments and wealth. Also in the view of Agbionu (2008), entrepreneurship involves a process aimed at creating wealth for the purpose of growth, development of the environment and eradication of unemployment for national sustainability. The 2010 Global Monitoring Report (GMR) of the United Nation Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), revealed that about 92 per cent of Nigerian population survive on less than 2 dollar daily, while about 71 per cent survives on less than 1 dollar daily – a condition many have described as inexcusable judging from the abundant natural deposits and high human population at the country’s disposal. With an estimated population of about 167 million people (2011) and crude oil selling as high as $104 dollar per barrel in the global market as at July 2012, the high level of poverty in comparison to the abundant resources available in Nigeria is highly unacceptable. There is therefore the urgent need for government and individuals to create more job opportunities for the teaming youths.

It is believed that employment of Nigerian graduates either part-time, full-time or even under-employment can be said to have eluded Nigerian youths with Nigeria said to have one of the highest rates of youth unemployment in the unindustrialized world. Despite strong economic growth, youth’s full-time unemployment rate for 2006 – 2008 in Nigeria was put at 55.9 % while countries like Japan, China, India, Korea, have joined community of industrialized nations by strengthening their small scale industries. Nigeria is yet to understand the relevance of this sub-sector. It’s against this background that this study seek to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship education in provision of job opportunity in Jigawa State, (A case study of Dutse LGA).

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

The importance of education in the development activities of any nation cannot be overemphasized. Education is generally acknowledged as the panacea for socio-economic development in any country. Indeed the development of education sector is sine-qua non for the development in all other sectors of the economy.In the same line of reasoning, Sule, (2004) stresses that education is a sure pathway to liberation of the mind and the improvement of socio-economic development in any nation. Nigeria's unemployment problem is challenging to resolve due of its diversity. Unemployment, underemployment, and frequent mobility between rural and urban regions currently characterise the Nigerian labour market, despite the fact that it is a 21st-century worldwide issue that is becoming worse in Nigeria with each passing year. This problem started to arise since there are so many graduates from polytechnics, universities, and colleges who don't have enough places to go. This has led to an upsurge in social vices including robbery, abduction, prostitution, human trafficking, child abuse, and unfair work practises in Nigeria, especially among young people without jobs.

In line with the principle above, many governments and international agencies are constantly making serious efforts in both developed and developing countries to develop the education sector. Although a number of achievements have been made in this regard in Nigeria, a lot still needs to be done to meet the ever increasing demands and challenges posed by rising unemployment amongst its people. Under the present circumstances the need for education as a driver of development has become self-evident and inescapable. When people are poorly trained or are without skills, then education has failed to serve effectively as a growth driver (Obandan, 2013). In the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Report on Nigeria 2000/2001, it is observed that 70% of Nigerians are in abject poverty while massive unemployment of people and the under-utilization of the resources are the order of the day. The UNDP Report places Nigeria amongst the countries of the world that recorded the least achievement in the upgrade of the welfare of their citizens (UNDP, 2002). The situation is even worse today that the country is in economic recession. This study, therefore, attempted to assess the relationship between entrepreneurship education and employment in Nigeria.

In summary, Nigeria's employment patterns showed that if comprehensive measures to tackle unemployment and underemployment were not implemented, the situation may get worse. This study is crucial for examining how entrepreneurship is developing and for seeking for an urgent social intervention for all government policies and plans to provide full employment as a significant step toward assuring economic stability

1.3 Research Questions

Based on the research problem identify above, the following research questions will be formulated to guide the study.

i.                     What are the role of entrepreneurship education in provision of job opportunity in Dutse local government, Jigawa State?

ii.                   Does various entrepreneurial education programs contributed to the decline in youth unemployment rate in Dutse, Jigawa State?

iii.                 What are the problems affecting entrepreneurship education in job creation in Dutse local government, Jigawa State?

1.4 Aims and Objective of the Study

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurship education in provision of job opportunity in Jigawa State, (A case study of Dutse LGA). Other specific that this study seek to achieve are:

i.                    To examine the role of entrepreneurship education in provision of job opportunity in Dutse local government, Jigawa State.

ii.                   To also investigate the extent to which various entrepreneurial education programs have contributed to the decline in youth unemployment rate in Dutse local government, Jigawa State.

iii.                To identify the problems affecting the conduct entrepreneurship education in job creation in Dutse local government, Jigawa State.

1.5 Hypothesis of the Study

In-line with the above objectives of the study, the following research hypothesis were formulated to guide the study:

H₀: Entrepreneurship education does not have any significant relationship impact with job creation in Dutse

H_I: Entrepreneurship education have a significant relationship effect with job creation in Dutse

1.6 Scope of the Study

This study on the effect of entrepreneurship education in provision of job opportunity in Dutse is strictly conducted within the Jigawa State, with the specific focus in Dutse local government as a case study. This study will try to look on how entrepreneurship education helps in creating jobs opportunities for unemployed youths with the local government and this opportunities is been utilize within the stipulated period of time.

1.7 Limitation of the Study

One of the limitation of this study, is lack of accessing enough materials or journals for this field of study, because it’s only a few study that were conducted in relations to this area in Jigawa state. Another limitation of this study, is access to internet services for proper researching as most of the research are now done using google search engine, and lastly lack of finance as the amount of money available for student to spend at his or her disposal due to this current economic hardship within our nations.

1.8 Significance of the Study

 The importance of this research as understood is an addition to the already existing literature on challenges of entrepreneurship education in job creation within Dutse, Jigawa State. It is aimed at assessing the strengths and weakness of entrepreneurship, democracy and leadership in Nigeria. Since individuals or groups do not just behave in vacuum, most often than not the behavior of people are determined largely by the institutions and the social things in which they have found themselves. Thus, democratic leadership challenges is the outcome of the prevailing pattern of entrepreneurship and political behaviour in the country. The study is also aimed at exposing the factors that contribute to inadequate democracy and leadership in Nigeria. This study is invaluable in a variety of ways.  Its cardinal significance would be its contributions to the existing literature on challenges of entrepreneurship education and democratic leadership in Nigeria, as well as the politics of the derivation principle. Practically, this work will be of enormous benefit to statesmen and scholars by serving as a guide towards a more pragmatic and result-oriented approach in dealing with entrepreneurship education and leadership challenges.  In the same vein, it will help to sensitize and conscientise the students of business administration and management science to be more enlightened on the issue of challenge of entrepreneurship education and leadership in Nigeria.  And just like any other research work, it will definitely generate more scholarly attention from intellectuals far and near.

1.9 Organization of the Study

The study will be divided into five chapters. Chapter one will deals with general introduction which consist of the background to the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, Significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study and lastly organization of the study. Chapter two will be on the literature review and theoretical framework which consists of conceptual framework, theoretical framework, empirical review and research gap. Chapter three is the methodology which consists of sources of data collection, specification of the model, evaluation technique and a priory expectation. Chapter four contains data analysis and interpretation. Chapter five contains the summary, conclusion and recommendations.

1.10 Operation Definition of Terms

Some of the operational definitions of key terms are define bellows:

Entrepreneurship Education: is the training which an individual or group of people acquired in other to be successful when managing a self-own business.

Entrepreneurship: entrepreneurship can define as the ability to perceive and undertake business opportunities, taking advantage of scarce resource utilisation

Employment: employment is defined as, when collectively specified or not collectively specified, the total number of persons 15 years and above who are employed in civilian occupations.

Youth Unemployment: unemployment refers to a state where able-bodied, qualified men and women are available for and willing to work but get no job to do.

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