ABSTRACT
The antiviral
activities of plant leaves extract of four species, were investigated. The
extract were tested for antiviral activities on the host plant (Cocumba)
against Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus. Results showed that two plants (Phyllanthus amerus and Mirabiles jalapa) presented inhibitory
activities against the virus. While Ficus
exaspirata and Citrus spp were
unable to inhibit the virus.
Moroccan watermelon mosaic virus is still a major problem on the cucubite
cultivation in Africa.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
1.2 Methods
employed to control plant viruses
1.2.1 Ricinus Sp (Castor oil plant) has being classified
1.2.2 Mirabilis Jalapa. (The four 0’clock plant) has being
1.2.3 Phyllanthus amerus: is a member of the
1.2.4 Adansonia Digitata: Belongs to the family
1.2.5 Acalypha
Indica: belong to the family
1.3 Plant as
reserviour Of Antiviral substance
1.4 Morocan water melon Mosaic virus :
the moroceam
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1 Source of seed
3.2 Source of virus isolate
3.3 Preparation of site
3.4 Buffer solution preparation
3.5 Virus treatment/ inoculation
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.4
Result of phytochemical screening of P. amerus and M. jalapa
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Plant viruses are responsible for huge economic
losses in many countries around the world.
A virus is an infection agent that
typically consists of nuclei and molecule in a protein coat, it is too small to
be seen by light microscopy, and is able to multiply only within the living
cells of a host. (Holmes, 1939). Viruses can be spread by direct transfer of
sap by contact of a wounded plant with a healthy one, such contact may occur
during agricultural practices, as by damage caused by tools or hands, or
naturally as by animal feeding on the plant. Most
of the viruses infecting plants rely on insects to move from one host to
another, some remain associated with the mouth parts and can be inoculated
within seconds or minutes. (Martinus,
1898). This work those not cover insect transmission but basically mechanical
inoculation.
1.2 Methods
employed to control plant viruses
Plant viruses and virus diseases have
been studied for more than 100 years and much attention has been given to their
control. However, this has been difficult to achieve because of the lack of any
effective means of curing virus-infected plants. Chemotherapy, thermotherapy
and Meristem-tip culture can be successful but they cannot be used on a large
scale. (Brook, 1964). The main approach has been to prevent or delay virus
infection or to minimize its effect. Various means have been used to achieve
these objectives, including phyto-sanitation. (Involving quarantine measures,
crop hygiene use of virus-free plant materials and eradication) changes in crop
practices, use of pesticide for control of vectors, mild strain protection and
the employment of resistant or tolerant varieties. (Sarkar, 1995). Some viruses
can be eliminated from infected plant by heat or meristem-tip therapy or by the
use of chemicals (Faccioli and
Marami, 1998) these methods are used widely to develop virus-free plants of
vegetatively-propagated crops for further propagation. It prevents plants from
becoming infected, delay infection to such a life stage of crop impaired and
decrease the effects of infection. (Mink et al, 1998).
1.2.1 Ricinus Sp (Castor oil plant) has being classified as a member of the sponge
family, Euphobiaceae. The seed from Ricinus sp plant contain in excess of 45%
oil. The said oil is used widely for various purposes. It is used as a
lubricant, in high speed engine and aeroplanes, in the manufacture of soap,
transparent paper, printing ink, varnishings, linolilium and plasticizer. It is
also used for medical and lighting purposes. It has antimicrobial activities
against gram positive bacteria (Nuttall & Labuda, 2008).
1.2.2 Mirabilis Jalapa. (The four 0’clock plant) has being classified as a
member of the Nyctaginaleae family the species mirabilis Jalapa is a commonly
grown ornamental plant and is available in a range of colours. The flower of
Mirabilis Jalapa is used for food colouring, and the leaves may be eaten cooked
as food. It serves as emergency food. It is used for dye production for cakes
and jellies. It is also used for cosmetics production. It has antiviral protein
(MAP) which was demonstrated to possess abortificiant actively in pregnant
mice, inhibitory effect on call-free protein synthesis and antiproliferative
effect on tumor cells. (Wong et al, 2014).
1.2.3 Phyllanthus amerus: is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family, it is
commonly called the stone breaker, the plant extract from Phyllanthus according
to (Nicole, 1998) has being used for killing bacteria, expels stones, support
kidneys and treat malaria.
1.2.4 Adansonia Digitata: Belongs to the family Malvaceae. This species is
found in hot, dry savannahs’ of Sub-Saharan Africa. Common names, Baobab,
monkey bread tree, dead-rat tree and cream of taster tree etc. The leaves are
used either fresh as a cooked vegetable or dried and powered as an ingredient
of soups and sauces. The shoots and roots of seedlings are eaten as well. The
roots are boiled and eaten in West Africa in times of famine. It is used as
functional food for the well being of the rural communities, food for
livestock, shelter for the living and the dead, the bark of a digitata has been
imported in the past into Europe by the packing and paper industry and for
medicinal use. Under the name cortex Cael Cedra. It was used as a substitute
for quinine to reduce fever (Jardin, 1968).
1.2.5 Acalypha
Indica: belong to the family Euphorbialeae. It is a common herb growing up
to 75cm tall with ovate leaves. The leaves are cooked and eaten as vegetable.
This plant is held to high esteem in traditional medicine, as it is believed to
rejuvenate the body. It is useful bronchitis pneumonia, ashma and pulmonary
tuberculosis. It also has significant antibacterial and antifungal activities,
both against human and plant pathogen.
(Burkill, 1974).
1.3 Plant as
reserviour Of Antiviral substance
Plants from Northern Nigeria with a
history of use in both human and veterinary traditional medicine have been
investigated for their antiviral activity and their hypotoxility determined.
Most of the extracts have activity against more than one virus of a dose rate
of between 100 and 400 microg/100 microl. (Mehesh, 2000).
Lawsonia Inermis: Popularly known as Hemma or mehindi
in the oriental world, is an evergreen medium sized shrub belonging to the
family hythraccere. This plant harbors a well documented folklore history for
treating convulsion, jaundice and malignant ulcers. Phytochemical studies in
henna plant have indicated the presence of several bioactive molecular like
isophumpagin, hipeol, 30-norlupan -3-01-20-one betuhennan, betuhennamic acid
and nstigmasterol in leaves and roots. Plant extract have been known to be
depressing antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory
antipyretic, analgesis actions, (Keyvan, 2008).
1.4 Morocan water melon Mosaic virus :
the moroceam water melon mosaic virus
(MWMV), has been determined to be a distinct members of the polyvirus group.
(Cockerhem, 1970) the relationship of the
morocean water melon mosaic virus and
other polyviruses and the W strain of papaya rignspoot virus, was examined by
comparing tryptic peptide profiles using high performance liquid
chromatography. The profolus indicated that the low protein sequence of MWMV
differed substantially from those of the other poly-viruses. (McKern, 1993).
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