• $

ALPHA AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES AND ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN THE SOUTH EAST, NIGERIA FOR THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

  • 0 Review(s)

Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009710

No of Pages: 58

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

Price :

$20

  • $

ABSTRACT

 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by a loss of glucose homeostasis, due to disturbance of carbohydrate, fats, and protein metabolism, resulting from defects in insulin production and action or both. In Nigeria, the number of people suffering from diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing. There are several oral hypoglycemic drugs used in the treatment of DM but are not devoid of adverse effect. However, natural products from plant source have proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of DM. An ethnobotanical survey conducted in Imo state (Isiala Mbano & Owerri) and Abia state (Ikwuano) in South Eastern Nigeria revealed nine medicinal plants frequently mentioned by the traditional healers in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Nine medicinal plants namely; Chlorophora excelsa (root), Strophanthus hispisdus (root), Picralima nitida (seed), Persea americana (seed), Loranthus micranthus (leaf), Ceiba pentandra (leaf), Synsepalum dolficicum (leaf), Anthocleista djalonensis (leaf) and Anacardium occidentale (leaf). The phytochemical properties of these plants were estimated using standard TLC method while the antioxidant activities were done using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazl (DPPH), 2, 21-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP).Some of the samples had (Ceiba pentandra and Anacadium occidentale) a robust antioxidant potential while some of the samples exhibited moderate antioxidant potential. The thin layer Chromatography (TLC) profiling revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins with yellow-brown coloured zones at daylight indicating the presence of alkaloid, yellow coloured zone indicating the presence of flavonoids, and blue coloured zone indicating the presence of phenols. The presence of these compounds in the plantsindicates the presence of phytochemical in the plant extracts in support of their antioxidant and biological activity. The α-amylase inhibition test indicated that some of the plant extracts (Chlorophora excelsa, Picralima nitida, Synsepalum dolficicum, Anacardium occidentale) showed good α-amylase inhibitory effect and can act as good anti-diabetic agents and therefore at least supports their use in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus. The antioxidant activities seen in these plants need to be further explored in synergy with the possible anti-diabetic properties of the plants in the treatment of DM.






TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                iv

Table of contents                                                                                                                    v

List of Tables                                                                                                                          viii

List of Figures                                                                                                                         ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                  x

 

CHAPTER ONE                                                                                                                   

1.0  INTRODUCTION                                                                                                    1

1.1.     Background of this study                                                                                       1

1.2.    Research justification                                                                                             3

1.3.     Research objective                                                                                                3

CHAPTER TWO                                                                                                                  

2.0  LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                        

2.1.      Diabetes mellitus                                                                                                  4

2.1.1.     Classification of Diabetes mellitus                                                                             4

2.1.2.     Oral hyperglycemia drugs                                                                                          6

2.1.3.     Polyphenols                                                                                                                9

2.2.1.     Phenolic acids                                                                                                             9

2.2.2.     Flavonoids                                                                                                                  9

2.3.      Free radicals and oxidative stress                                                                               10

2.4.      Hyperglycemia and oxidative stress                                                                           10

2.5.      Antioxidant activities of plants                                                                                  11

2.6.    Thin-layer chromatography                                                                                          11

2.7.      Medicinal plants investigated in the study                                                                 12

2.7.1.   Anacardium occidentale                                                                                            12

2.7.2.   Anthocleista djalonensis                                                                                             12

2.7.3.   Ceiba pentandra                                                                                                         13

2.7.4.   Chlorophora excelsa                                                                                                  14

2.7.5.   Loranthus micranthus                                                                                                 15

2.7.6.   Persea americana                                                                                                       16

2.7.7.   Picralima nitida                                                                                                          18

2.7.8.   Strophanthus hispidus                                                                                                18

2.7.9.   Synsepalum dolficicum                                                                                               19

 

CHAPTER THREE                                                                                                      

3.0  MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                            

3.1.      Plant materials                                                                                                            21

3.2.      Plant collection and extract preparation                                                                     21

3.3.      Quantitative determination of polyphenols                                                                21

3.3.1.   Determination of phenolic acid content                                                                     21

3.3.2.   Determination flavonoid content                                                                                22

3.3.3    Determination of plant metabolites using Thin layer Chromatography (TLC) profiling                                                                                                                                           24

3.4.      In vitroantioxidant activity of plant extracts                                                              23

3.4.1.   Ferric reducingantioxidant power (FRAP)                                                                 23

3.4.2.   DPPH radical scavenging activity                                                                              24

3.4.3.   ABTS radical scavenging Activity                                                                             24

3.5.      Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity                                                                              24

3.5.1.   Preparation of enzyme solution                                                                                  24

3.5.2.   Preparation of plant extract and enzyme substrate solution                                       24

3.5.3.   Calibration plot for D-maltose                                                                                   24

3.5.4.   Test for α-Amylase inhibitory activity                                                                       25

3.6.      Antibacterial inhibition of plant extracts using disc susceptibility testing             26

 

CHAPTER FOUR                                                                             

4.0  RESULTS                                                                                    

4.1.1.     Ethnobotanical information                                                                                        27

4.2.      Polyphenol content of the plant extracts                                                                    28

4.3.      Antioxidant properties of plant extracts                                                                     29

4.4.      Alpha amylase inhibitory activities                                                                            32

4.5.      Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis                                                               33

4.6.      Antibacterial studies of the plant extracts                                                                  34

 

CHAPTER FIVE               

5.1.DISCUSSION                                                                                                   

5.2.CONCLUSION                                                                                                         38

5.3.RECOMMENDATION                                                                                            39

5.4.Certificate and abstract note of scientific presentation                                        40

REFERENCES






LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Plants used for the treatment of DM in Imo and Abia State, South East, Nigeria   30

Table 2: FRAP radical scavenging activity of methanol extract of plant samples                       32

Table 3: Percentage inhibition of the α-Amylase inhibition activity of plant samples tested 32

Table 4: Thin Layer Chromatography retention factor using Chloroform, Methanol and acetic acid in a ratio of 5:4:1                                                                                                               33

Table 5: Thin Layer Chromatography retention factor using Toluene, Ethyl acetate and acetic acid in a ratio of 5:4:1                                                                                                                      33

Table 6: Table showing the zone of inhibition (mm) of four test organisms using disk susceptibility testing method                                                                                                         34

 





LIST OF FIGURES


Figure 1: A diagram showing the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes                                      6

Figure 2: Anacardium occidentale                                                                                         13

Figure 3: Anthocleista djalonensis                                                                                         14

Figure 4: Ceiba pentandra                                                                                                     14

Figure 5: Chlorophora excelsa                                                                                               15

Figure 6: Loranthus micranthus                                                                                             17

Figure 7: Persea americana                                                                                                   18

Figure 8: Picralima nitida                                                                                                      19

Figure 9: Strophanthus hispidus                                                                                             20

Figure 10: Synsepalum dolficicum                                                                                         21

Figure 11: Chart showing the total phenolic content of the plants studied                                    32

Figure 12: Chart showing the total flavonoid content of the plants studied                                    32

Figure 13: Chart showing the DPPH radical scavenging activities of the plants studied (IC50 value)                                                                                                                                          33

Figure 14: Chart showing the ABTS radical scavenging activities of the plants studied (IC50 value)                                                                                                                                          34


 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of this study

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in production of insulin by the pancreas, or by the ineffectiveness of the insulin produced. Such a deficiency results in increased concentrations of glucose in the blood, which in turn damage many of the body's systems, in particular the blood vessels and nerves. The global prevalence of the disease is alarmingly increasing partly due to modern lifestyle through increasing consumption in high carbohydrate diets resulting to postprandial hyperglycemia (Tappy and Le, 2010). The high increase of blood glucose is partly dependent on the carbohydrate –hydrolyzing enzymes which are α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Uncontrolled diabetic hyperglycemia precipitates other factors that accelerate the progression of diabetic complications mostly micro-vascular complications associated with neuropathy, nephropathy and retinopathy (Oishi et al., 2006). In Nigeria, the number of people suffering from this disease has been escalated and now predicted to reach 10 million of people. It is has been reported that Nigeria is a leading country where diabetes mellitus is prevalent in Africa (Oyedemi et al., 2010). This is an early indication for the search of alternative and complementary medicine to the current oral hypoglycemic drugs which have been identified with adverse effects.

Presently, there are three forms of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 DM also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in which the pancreas fails to produce the insulin which is essential for survival. This form of DM develops most frequently in children and adolescents, but is being increasingly noted later in life. Type 2 DM also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus emerges from the inability of target tissues to respond properly to the insulin action produced by pancreatic β-cells. This type of DM is much more common and accounts for 90% of all diabetes cases worldwide. It occurs most frequently in adults, but is being noted increasingly in adolescents as well. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 DM in several respects, involving a combination of relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2–10% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery (NDIC, 2011). Other forms of diabetes mellitus includes Congenital diabetes, which is due to genetic defects of insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes induced by high doses of glucocorticoids, and several forms of monogenic diabetes.

The limitation of existing modern medicines due to their side effects such as diarrhea, flatulence, liver damage and others has necessitated serious search on alternative therapy with anti-hyperglycemic properties with less or no side effects especially natural products from plant origin and polyphenolic rich diets (Ibrahim and Islam, 2014). Plantbaseddrugs are well-known alternative medicine with cost effective comparable to westernized medicine. According to world ethnobotanical information reports, more than 400 species of plants have been reported to display hypoglycemic effects, but only a few of them have been investigated (Miura et al., 2002)and the World Health Organization has recommended that much research should be done on hypoglycemic plants (WHO, 2002).

Unfortunately, Nigeria is a country richly blessed with flora but most of the medicinal plants used traditionally in the treatment of DM lack scientific data to support their claims. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the phenolic content, alpha amylase inhibitory properties and antioxidative potential of these herbal therapies used in the South Eastern traditional medicine for the treatment of DM.


1.2. RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION

In Nigeria, the number of people suffering from diabetes mellitus is believed to be increasing steadily. There are several medicines available in the market to treat diabetes mellitus but no drug is found to be fully effective and safe. However, plants and plant products have proven to be effective and safe in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This work is being carried out to determine the various properties of these plants that makes them effective and safe in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.


1.3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

This work is being carried out to determine the various properties of these plants that makes them effective and safe in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.


Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects

FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!

+(234) 0814 780 1594

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.

Ratings & Reviews

0.0

No Review Found.

Review


To Comment


Sold By

ProjectShelve

7891

Total Item

Reviews (29)

  • Anonymous

    1 week ago

    This is truly legit, thanks so much for not disappointing

  • Anonymous

    1 week ago

    I was so happy to helping me through my project topic thank you so much

  • Anonymous

    2 weeks ago

    Just got my material... thanks

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    Thank you for your reliability and swift service Order and delivery was within the blink of an eye.

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    It's actually good and it doesn't delay in sending. Thanks

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    I got the material without delay. The content too is okay

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Thank you guys for the document, this will really go a long way for me. Kudos to project shelve👍

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    You guys have a great works here I m really glad to be one of your beneficiary hope for the best from you guys am pleased with the works and content writings it really good

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Excellent user experience and project was delivered very quickly

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    The material is very good and worth the price being sold I really liked it 👍

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Wow response was fast .. 👍 Thankyou

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Trusted, faster and easy research platform.

  • TJ

    1 month ago

    great

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    My experience with projectselves. Com was a great one, i appreciate your prompt response and feedback. More grace

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Sure plug ♥️♥️

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Thanks I have received the documents Exactly what I ordered Fast and reliable

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Wow this is amazing website with fast response and best projects topic I haven't seen before

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Genuine site. I got all materials for my project swiftly immediately after my payment.

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    It agree, a useful piece

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Good work and satisfactory

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Good job

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Fast response and reliable

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Projects would've alot easier if everyone have an idea of excellence work going on here.

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Very good 👍👍

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Honestly, the material is top notch and precise. I love the work and I'll recommend project shelve anyday anytime

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Well and quickly delivered

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    I am thoroughly impressed with Projectshelve.com! The project material was of outstanding quality, well-researched, and highly detailed. What amazed me most was their instant delivery to both my email and WhatsApp, ensuring I got what I needed immediately. Highly reliable and professional—I'll definitely recommend them to anyone seeking quality project materials!

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Its amazing transacting with Projectshelve. They are sincere, got material delivered within few minutes in my email and whatsApp.

  • TJ

    4 months ago

    ProjectShelve is highly reliable. Got the project delivered instantly after payment. Quality of the work.also excellent. Thank you