ABSTRACT
The proximate composition of the leaves of Landolphia oweriences were investigated. Landolphia oweriences which belongs to the family of Apocynaceae commonly known as white rubber vine. Proximate analysis of the leaves using the AOAC Method (2005) showed that it contained moisture (8.09± 0.21) %, protein (15.86±1.46) %, the ash (4.74±0.14) % and fat (1.07±0.42) %, Crude fiber (32.51±1.15) %, total carbohydrate (nitrogen free extract) (37.74±2.01) %, soluble carbohydrate (11.59±0.69) % content. It indicates that the leaves are good for human consumption.
Table of Contents
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
ABSTRACT vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Research Problem 4
1.3 Aim and Objectives 4
1.4 Justification of Study 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 History of Landolphia Owariensis 6
2.3 Medicinal Uses of Landolphia Oweriences 8
2.4 Proximate Analysis 9
2.4.1 Moisture Content 9
2.4.2. Ash Content 10
2.4.3 Crude Fibre 11
2.4.4 Fat 12
2.4.5 Crude Protein 13
2.4.6 Carbohydrate (Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)) 14
2.4.7 Soluble Carbohydrate 15
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection of Sample and Identification 16
3.1.1 List of Apparatus/ Equipment 16
3.1.2 REAGENTS 17
3.2 Methods 18
3.2.1 Moisture content 18
3.2.2 Ash content 18
3.2.3 Crude fiber content 19
3.2.4 Crude fat content 20
3.2.5 Crude protein content 20
3.2.6 Carbohydrate/Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) 21
3.2.7 Soluble carbohydrate 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 24
4.2 DISCUSSION 26
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 28
5.2 RECOMMENDATION 28
REFERENCES 30
APPENDIX 33
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The medicines, food, fibre, shelters and other items that are used by humans are mainly supplied by plants (Hemingway, 2004). The plant parts that are used are leaves, stem, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds. Plants serve as important constituents of human diet supplying the body with carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, mineral salts, lipids and water. Edible fruits contain various nutritive substances among which the most important are minerals, organic constituents, vitamin C and growth substances (Loura et al., 2000). Seeds have nutritive and calorific values which make them necessary in diets (Odoememlam, 2005). The plant part commonly eaten is the seeds which are either cooked or eaten raw. Some nuts, grains and seeds such as pumpkin seeds, cashew nuts, almonds, buckwheat, coconut, flax seed, millet, oats, peanuts, rye, sunflower seeds and amaranth have high calorific values and are also rich in protein, dietary fiber and minerals – manly potassium and phosphorus (Decupere, 2011).
The fruits and seeds contribute to the enhancement of nutrition, a better family income and the economy of the country. Moreover, seeds and fruits are good sources of vitamins and minerals. The importance of vitamins and minerals cannot be overemphasized. Vitamins and minerals make peoples bodies work properly. Although you get vitamins and minerals from the foods you eat every day, some foods have more vitamins and minerals than others (Kidshealth, 2011).
Landolphia owariensis is a shrub in the savanna or a huge liane of secondary deciduous and dense forests, attaining 100m long by over 1m girth, occurring from Guinea to West Cameroons and extending across central Africa to Suda, Uganda and South Tanganyika. Landolphia owariensis is known to have history of use for soothing injured mucous membranes in the digestive tract. It serves not only as lubricant but equally more important as a protective barrier between the mucosal surface and the luminal contents (Owoyele et al., 2001). The antiulcer properties and the use of Landolphia oweriensis exrtracts for the treatment of ulcerogenesis and gastric mucosal injury is linked to the reported presence of flavonoidal compounds in Landolphia oweriensis. The extract from the stem bark of Landolphia oweriensis has been found to possess the ability to destroy parasitic worms from the body.
The crude extract of Landolphia oweriensis leaf has been found to exhibit very high anti-inflammatory activity. This activity may be linked with the presence of polyphonolic compounds in the extract of Landolphia oweriensis (Owoyele et al., 2001). Liver function tests revealed that the serum activities of alanine aminotransferrase (ALT), aspertate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphate (ALP) as well as the concentration of total protein and albumin were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the oral administration of the extract. This result suggests that Landolphia oweriensis leaf extract is not hepatotoxic (Nwogu et al., 2008). Study has shown that the aqueous methanol and chloroform extracts of Landolphia oweriensis leaf have moderate analgesic activity and reduce sensitivity to pain (Owoyele et al., 2001). The folkloric use of Landolphia oweriensis as an antimicrobial agent has been validated by the researchers. Its leaves, stem and roots are of great value in the indigenous treatment of various ailments.
Medicinal plant research starts by people carrying out general screening of plants which are collected either randomly or based on local reputations as medicinal plants after botanically identified by a reputable authority or plant taxonomist. This screening consists mainly of solvent extraction and standard tests of the extracts for the presence of such class of compounds or secondary metabolites as alkaloids, saponins and phenolic compounds. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of the population in several Asian and African nations currently uses herbal medicine for some part of primary health care (Beltrame et al., 2002). According to studies conducted in the United States and Europe, the use of herbal medicine is less prevalent in clinical settings, but has grown in popularity in recent years as scientific evidence of its efficacy has become more publicly available (Rashrash, et al., 2017).
Proximate analysis can also be seen as the determination of the major component of foods. Which include moisture, lipid (fat), ash, protein, carbohydrate, fiber and volatile matter. In a practical term the methods used for the determination of the different food compositions do not only vary according to the food materials being studied but also in details of evaluation procedure. These methods were evolved through studies of the inherent properties of the component of interest and exploring the unique advantage such properties have over others, thus allowing the component to be either isolated or estimated. Proximate analysis refers to the quantitative analysis of macro molecules in food (Wikipedia, 2021).
Moisture and fat for example are separated from other component by heat and organic solvent respectively. Protein is indirectly determined as total nitrogen by kjedahl method, ash and fiber determination involve step wise elimination of other components until the product of interest is arrived at these methods are however not in any way perfect but act as guide for empirical estimation. Moisture result from drying method may include other volatile matter such as essential oils, trace of volatile acid and amines. In most of these determinations allowance has to be made for interference arising from the food itself a contamination reagent. It therefore becomes necessary to replicate each experimental determination and also to run a blank determination to compensate for errors (Rudushkin, et al., 2010).
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
The decoction of leaves is used as a purgative and to cure malaria, root is soaked in local gin for about a week and the extract is given two full wine glasses a day to cure gonorrhea (Gill, 1992). The latex is drunk or used in French Equatorial Africa is an enema for intestinal worms and in parts of Ivory Coast, the latex forms an ingredient arrow poison (Owoyele et al., 2001). The leaf extracts have also been used for treating ulcer, inflammation and pains. The leaves are boiled in some parts for application to sprains. In Congo, the sap expressed from the leaves is dripped into the eyes and used to wash patient’s face in a treatment for giddiness. The sap is also rubbed with massage into scarifications over areas of oedema and rheumatism (Owoyele et al., 2001). There is limited data available on the nutritional content of landolphia oweriences leaves, which are commonly used as a food source in West Africa.
The research aims to investigate the proximate, nutritive and dietary fibre composition of Landolphia oweriensis leaves for the purpose of determining its nutritional status and provide valuable information for public health initiatives.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The aim of the study is to determine the nutritive composition of landolphia oweriences leaves by means of proximate analysis while the specific objectives are to:
a. Determine the moisture and ash content of landolphia oweriences
b. Determine the crude fat, fibre and protein content of landolphia oweriences
c. Calculate the Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) which is the total carbohydrate content of landolphia oweriences by using Difference method.
d. Evaluate the soluble carbohydrate of landolphia oweriences
1.4 Justification of Study
The plant landolphia oweriences is a native plant species in West Africa, and understanding its nutritional content could be important for local communities who may rely on it as a food source (Farombi, 2014). Additionally, understanding the nutritional content of this plant could help to identify any potential health benefits or risks associated with its consumption and can also contribute to the development of new food products or supplements derived from the plant species (Nwosu, and Mopai, 2018).
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