THE UTILIZATION OF RADIO IN ADVOCACY COMPAIGNS AGAINST POLITICAL VOTE BUYING DURING NIGERIAS 2023 GENERAL ELECTION IN ABUJA METROPOLIS

This research focuses on the discussions and findings regarding the utilization of radio advocacy campaigns against political vote buying during the 2023 general elections in Abuja metropolis. The data collected from the research highlights several key points. Firstly, the mobilization of citizens through radio programs played a crucial role in encouraging active participation in the electoral process and discouraging vote buying. By promoting democratic rights and rejecting vote buying, radio programs successfully motivated citizens to exercise their voting rights responsibly. Secondly, the research revealed that radio campaigns effectively exposed the strategies employed by politicians engaged in vote buying. This increased transparency and accountability among citizens, enabling them to recognize and report incidents of vote buying. As a result, corrupt leaders were less likely to succeed in their attempts to manipulate elections. Furthermore, radio advocacy campaigns went beyond raising awareness and actively engaged local communities through town hall meetings, public debates, and involvement of grassroots organizations. These initiatives provided platforms for citizens to voice their concerns and share their experiences, ultimately leading to the eradication of vote buying practices in Nigeria. The research also highlighted the effectiveness of radio as a powerful tool in reaching a wide audience. In Nigeria, where access to other forms of communication is limited, radio remains an accessible and influential medium, particularly in rural areas. The popularity and reach of radio enabled the dissemination of important information and engagement with diverse segments of the population. Additionally, radio programs amplified the voices of marginalized groups and grassroots organizations, allowing them to express their concerns and experiences with vote buying. By empowering citizens and fostering a sense of ownership, radio campaigns encouraged action and collective responsibility in addressing the issue. The familiar voices and interactive nature of radio programs played a vital role in cultivating trust between broadcasters and their audience. This trust was essential in conveying messages against vote buying effectively, as listeners were more likely to engage and act upon information provided by trusted sources. Moreover, radio advocacy campaigns complemented other media channels, such as television, social media, and print. Integration across multiple platforms ensured a broader reach and reinforced the messaging against vote buying. In conclusion, the utilization of radio in advocacy campaigns against political vote buying during the 2023 general elections in Abuja metropolis yielded positive results. Increased awareness, citizens mobilization, public discourse, exposure of vote buying practices, and community engagement were among the major outcomes. The effectiveness of radio as a medium for combating and tackling vote buying in Nigeria has been demonstrated, emphasizing its significant role in promoting fair and transparent elections.

 

The majority of countries in the globe practice democracy, which is understood as a government of, by, and for the people. Following its independence from British colonial rule on October 1, 1960, Nigeria also accepted democracy as its form of governance. However, internal strife and retaliation tore the nation apart for a year and a half after the country gained its independence. Political snags and irregularities frequently taint Nigeria's democratic process, as they do in several other African nations. This is especially true when it comes to holding credible, free, and fair elections Smith (2010). Some African nations, including Nigeria, have tried to embrace contemporary voting technology such computerized voting machines, biometric identifications, and smart card readers. Macaulay (2022).

As the election arbiter in Nigeria, the Independent National election Commission (INEC) has worked to enhance the nation's electoral procedures. In fact, it is thought that the Commission's dedication to innovation has established it as Nigeria's most inventive provider of public services. However, achieving credible, free, and fair elections is the ultimate objective since it is the only way to guarantee a democratic process.Gelb and Clark (2018). When candidates or their parties lack the skills or the character to prevail in a free and fair election, they may occasionally turn to "buying" votes. The issue of vote buying must be seen, nevertheless, from the viewpoint of the voter, who are entitled to exercise. After repeated failed attempts by previous military leaders to create the conditions for democracy, Nigeria successfully made the transition to a democratic society in 1999. Elections were first proposed by General Ibrahim Babangida, who reigned for eight years and gave Nigerians the opportunity to participate in democratic administration. Nevertheless, Babangida finally declared the election void as MKO Moshood Abiola defeated Ahaji Bashir Tofa to win. Nigeria successfully transitioned to a democratic society in 1999 after several unsuccessful attempts by past military administrations to foster it. General Ibrahim Babangida, who ruled for eight years and provided Nigerians the chance to participate in democratic governance, was the one who originally advocated elections. Nevertheless, after MKO Moshood Abiola beat Ahaji Bashir Tofa to win, Babangida eventually ruled the election illegal.

As a type of mass communication, radio is essential in delivering news to the public as it happens. It transmits and receives messages using electrical waves. The electric telegraph, created by Samuel Morse in the 19th century, is where radio's history begins. Gugielmo Marconi built on this discovery by creating a technology for wireless electromagnetic impulse transmission. Signals were sent from England to America in 1866 thanks to this innovation, which allowed for long-distance voice communication Okoli (2022).

The electromagnetic theory of James Clark Maxwell served as inspiration for Heinrick Hertz, who created the first radio waves in 1888. The word "television," which comes from the Greek "tele" and the Latin "videre" (which means to see), was first used by a Frenchman by the name of Persky. Boris Rozing, a Russian inventor who created the first television system, is known as the "Father of Television." Another Russian, Vladimir Zworykin, made substantial advancements in 1923 when he created the iconoscope, an electrical camera.

Using electromagnetic waves, radio essentially entails delivering and receiving messages over the air. It acts as a platform for the distribution of shows that viewers can access and interact with. It is still an essential tool for spreading information and influencing public opinion. The research will consider  a stronger argument that emphasizes the difficulties of Nigerian democracy, the problem of vote-buying, and the importance of radio as a mass media tool by constructing these connected assertions.

An increasing body of research highlights the significance of informed voters in making deliberate choices during elections, leading to better governance and societal progress. However, the impact of voters with low levels of education on elections cannot be ignored. This emphasizes the need for voter education as an essential component of every general election. Media advocacy, as explained by Albert (2018), plays a crucial role in empowering people, educating them about their rights and advantages, promoting the common good, and nurturing their potential. The effectiveness of media advocacy in addressing the issue of vote buying is a key objective of this study. However, there are several challenges involved in implementing radio advocacy campaigns against political vote buying during Nigeria's general elections in Abuja in 2023.

Several difficulties arise when running radio advocacy campaigns against political vote buying during Nigeria's general elections in Abuja in 2023. Firstly, reaching all potential voters through radio poses a challenge, particularly those residing in remote or rural areas with limited access to electricity or radio receivers. This constraint narrows the campaign's audience and may exclude certain demographic groups from benefiting from the advocacy efforts. Secondly, engaging listeners and motivating them to take action against political vote buying may prove to be difficult. The effectiveness of the campaigns may be hindered by listeners' lack of interest in the message or their feelings of helplessness when faced with influential political leaders. In addition, inadequate funding is a significant issue, which can limit the number of transmissions and reduce the impact of advocacy activities, ultimately affecting the target audience and the quality of campaign materials. Moreover, if listeners perceive radio stations as supporting specific political parties or interests, it may undermine the credibility of the campaigns. Finally, even if the advocacy campaigns successfully raise public awareness about vote buying, their impact on actual voting behavior may be modest due to factors such as poverty, fear, revenge, or skepticism regarding the value of an individual vote. Overcoming these challenges requires meticulous campaign organization, utilizing various communication platforms, ensuring message accuracy, and gradually building trust and participation among the audience. Therefore, addressing the actual dilemma is crucial, as it forms the foundation of the entire study and guides the investigation into the effectiveness of media advocacy in combating the issue of vote buying (Akpede & Chidinma, 2018).

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of media advocacy in combating vote buying during Nigeria's general elections in Abuja in 2023. The research objectives include

(4) To ascertain whether radio advocacy messages contribute to the control of vote buying in Abuja metropolis during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria.

(1) What are the specific program formats that effectively convey advocacy messages against vote buying in Abuja Metropolis during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria?

(2) How do radio advocacy messages influence awareness against vote buying in Abuja metropolis during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria?

(3) What is the effectiveness of radio advocacy messages in influencing public awareness against vote buying in Abuja metropolis during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria?

(4) Do radio advocacy messages contribute to the control of vote buying in Abuja metropolis during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria?

The goal of this study is to give a thorough examination of how radio is used to advocate against political vote-buying during the 2023 general elections in Nigeria. The study specifically focuses on Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which includes a number of districts, municipalities, and voting constituencies. With a focus on Abuja's environment, the study aims to acquire in-depth understanding of the difficulties and opportunities connected with radio advocacy campaigns against vote-buying in a metropolitan area.

The study concentrates on the FCT Abuja region, examining the unique dynamics and complexity of the territory during the 2023 general elections. This makes it possible to focus on a particular metropolitan context's usage of radio in advocacy campaigns against vote-buying. The research attempts to offer useful insights, advice, and best practices that may be applied to similar situations in Nigeria and elsewhere by exploring the distinctive features of Abuja, such as its varied population, electoral districts, and political environment.

The research focuses on the general elections of 2023 and examines certain radio advocacy activities that took place during this time. It tries to discover, analyze, and assess the concepts, strategies, and messages used in these efforts, providing insight into their management and execution. The research aims to gain insights through data analysis, surveys or interviews, and an investigation of voter attitudes and voting habits by looking at the effect of these radio advocacy ads on lowering vote-buying during the federal elections in Abuja. The study also aims to identify the ways in which these advocacy efforts led to the decrease and control of vote-buying in Abuja, including their effects on public awareness, behavioral change, and the overall integrity of the election process.

The research intends to offer useful insights, suggestions, and best practices for future radio advocacy campaigns against vote-buying, not just in Nigeria but also in comparable countries, by framing the study within these three unique scopes.

The significance of this study resides in how the media, especially radio, has traditionally stimulated discussions based on social context. Whether in an authoritarian, democratic, communist, or libertarian society, views on the specific function of journalists differ. Although various parts of the world hold alternative viewpoints, governments shouldn't own or control the press. Many detractors contend the media is only valuable if it uses criticism to hold the executive branch or government responsible. It directly benefits a number of parties to research how radio might be used to advocate against political vote-buying during Nigeria's general elections in 2023, particularly in Abuja, the nation's capital. In the first place, it promotes democratic ideals by highlighting the negative effects of vote-buying on the election process. This study broadens public awareness and exhorts people to reject such measures, ultimately empowering citizens and enhancing democracy. The research also talks about the problems with corruption and lack of accountability related to political vote-buying. It improves accountability, creates openness, and encourages good governance by bringing these issues to light. Not only does this help the general public, but it also helps civil society organizations, activists, and advocacy groups that are trying to create an election system that is fair and just. Additionally, by informing people about the negative consequences of vote-buying and highlighting the significance of free and fair elections, the research encourages civic involvement. This strengthens the voice of the voter by enabling people to actively engage in the democratic process and make informed decisions.

The research also improves media literacy by giving people reliable information about the electoral process and increasing people's understanding of their rights and responsibilities as voters. Citizens are given the tools they need to critically assess political arguments, make wise choices, and interact with the media. The general public, young voters, and underprivileged groups who might have restricted access to information are the direct beneficiaries of this enhanced media literacy.

The public, civil society organizations, activists, advocacy groups, marginalized communities, vulnerable populations, young voters, and people looking to improve their media literacy will all directly benefit from research on the use of radio in advocacy campaigns against political vote-buying during Nigeria's general elections in the capital city of Abuja in 2023. It supports democratic principles, encourages accountability, stimulates public participation, alleviates poverty, and improves general election system comprehension.

The study also advances the development goal by tackling poverty, which is frequently associated with the purchase of votes through monetary or material inducements. The research directly affects disadvantaged individuals and marginalized groups by examining methods to counteract vote-buying, assisting in the development of a more inclusive and equitable society.

Election: Election is a democratic mechanism which embodies the process through which electorates vote candidates of their choice into public offices. The voted candidates are called representatives and they advocate the political cum socio-economic interests of their voters in the government of the State.

Utilization: The act or process of utilizing radio as a communication or information-dissemination instrument or medium. It alludes to the unique manner in which radio is used in advocacy efforts against political vote buying during Nigeria's national elections in 2023 in the capital city of Abuja.

Radio: A method of communication that sends audio signals through electromagnetic waves for radio receivers to hear. Radio is the medium used in this discussion to undertake advocacy efforts against political vote buying. It entails disseminating messages, conversations, and programs on the problem of vote buying to the intended audience in Abuja.

Advocacy Campaign: Planned and coordinated actions designed to advance a certain cause, shape public opinion, and spur action. Advocacy campaigns are strategic initiatives carried out through radio to inform the public about the consequences of political vote buying and to encourage them to take a stand against it during Nigeria's general elections in the city of Abuja in 2023.

Political Vote Buying: The act of bribing or being bribed in return for gifts, votes, or other favors during political elections. It alludes to the immoral and unlawful act of seeking to influence voters' decisions via financial or material inducements. The subject is primarily focused on preventing political vote buying using radio advocacy efforts during the general elections in Nigeria in 2023 in the capital city of Abuja.

Abuja Metropolis: The geographical region that includes Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory (FCT), which houses the nation's capital. It refers to the particular place where the use of radio in advocacy campaigns against political vote buying will be looked at and researched during Nigeria's general elections in 2023 in the context of the issue.

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  Ahmad Aliyu

  1 year ago

  Well written research,