EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RATES OF NITROGEN (UREA) FERTILIZER AND VARIETIES ON GROWTH AND VINE YIELD OF SWEETPOTATO (IPOMOEA BATATAS (L).) ON A SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA ULTISOL

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Product Code: 00009944

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ABSTRACT

The experiment was carried out in 2019 cropping season at National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, to assess agronomic attributes of sweet potato varieties (Ipomea batatas (L)) under the application of nitrogen fertilizer (urea). A piece of land was cleared and thrash packed. It was slashed, ploughed, harrowed and ridged mechanically with tractor and converted to plots of beds with an Indian hoe manually. The size of each bed measured 1 m x 1.5 m with a space of 0.5 m separating the plots and 1m separating the replicates. Thirty three sweet potato vines each measured 30 cm long and four nodes were planted on each bed at a spacing of 10 cm x 20 cm resulting to plant population density of 500,000 plants /ha. The experiment was laid out as 5 x 2 factorial in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). The treatments consisted of two factors, Factor A comprised of five rates of Nitrogen (Urea) fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 N kg/ha) whereas factor B consisted of two varieties of oranges fleshed sweetpotao (Umuspo 1 (king) and Umuspo 4 (solo gold). These two factors produced ten (10) treatment combinations replicated thrice to a total of thirty (30) observations. The fertilizer rates were applied to the crops four weeks after planting (WAP). Data were collected on vine length, number of leave, number of branches, yield parameter and weight of above ground biomass (kg) and were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Genstat (2003) edition (windows). Significant difference was determined and means separated with Fisher’s least significant difference (F-LSD) at 0.05 significant level. Results showed that application of Nitrogen (urea) fertilizer and variety significantly (p<0.05) affected the number of branches, vine length, number of  leaves, weight of above ground biomass (kg), number of cuttings (vine yield) at different sampling period, while their interactions were non-significant. Umuspo 4 variety produced the highest yield compared to Umuspo 1 variety. Nitrogen fertilizer (urea) application at the rate of 120kg/ha produced the highest number of vine cuttings.









TABLE OF CONTENTS


Title Page                                                                                                                    i

Declaration                                                                                                                 ii

Certification                                                                                                                iii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iv

Acknowledgements                                                                                                    v

Table of Contents                                                                                                       vi

List of Tables                                                                                                              viii

Abstract                                                                                                                      ix

 

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION                                                                            1

1.1       Objectives of the Study                                                                                  2                                                                                 

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                           3

2.1       Origin and Botany of Sweetpotato                                                                 3

2.2       Economic Importance of Sweetpotato                                                           4

2.3       Orange Fleshed Sweetpotato and Vitamin a Deficiency                               5

2.4       Climatic and Soil Requirements of Sweetpotato                                           9

2.5       Nutrient Requirements of Sweetpotato                                                          11

2.5.1    Nitrogen                                                                                                          11

2.5.2    Phosphorous                                                                                                    13

2.5.3    Potassium                                                                                                        14

2.6       Sweetpotato Seed System in Nigeria                                                             16

 

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                    19

3.1       Description of the Experimental Site                                                             19

3.1.1    Location                                                                                                          19

3.1.2    Climate                                                                                                           19

3.2       Field Experiment                                                                                            19

3.2.1    Land preparation                                                                                            19

3.2.2    Experimental design/treatments.                                                                    20

3.2.3   Application of treatments                                                                                20

3.2.4    Field maintenance                                                                                          20

3.3       Data Collection                                                                                               20

3.3.1    Growth parameters                                                                                         20

3.3.2    Yield parameters                                                                                            25

            3.4       Meteorological Information                                                                           21

3.5       Soil Analysis                                                                                                   21

3.6       Statistical Analysis                                                                                         21

 

CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS                                                    22

4.1       Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer (Urea) on the Growth of Orange

            Fleshed Sweetpotato                                                                                       22

4.1.1    Physico-chemical properties of experimental site                                          22

 

4.1.2    Number of branches                                                                                       25

4.1.3    Vine length                                                                                                     27

 4.1.4   Number of leaves                                                                                           29

4.1.6    Number of cuttings (vine yield)                                                                     31

4.1.7    Number of cuttings (vine yield)                                                                     33

 

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS                           35

5.1       Conclusions                                                                                                    35

5.2       Recommendations                                                                                          35

References

Appendices





 

LIST OF TABLES

4.1       Physico-chemical properties of experimental site                                          23

4.2       Meteorological data of the study area in 2019 and 2020 cropping seasons            24

4.3       Effect of different urea rates on the number of branches at 8 and 12WAP           26

4.4       Effect of different urea rates on vine length of two varieties of orange

            fleshed sweetpotato at 8 and 12 WAP                                                            28

4.5       Effect of different urea rates on the number of leaves at 8 and 12 WAP   30

4.6       Effect of different urea rates on the weight of biomass (Kg) at 8 and

            12WAP                                                                                                           32

4.7       Effect of different urea rates on the number of cuttings (Vine yield)

at 8 and 12 WAP                                                                                             34

 

 


 

 

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Sweetpotato, an emerging food security crop in Nigeria, is produced in almost all the agro ecological zones but predominantly in the Northern Guinea Savannah where many landraces abound (Afuape et al., 2015). It is mainly consumed either boiled or roasted on open fire (Chipungu, 2008). Currently, its utilization has gone beyond the boil and roast era to commercial processing into chips, kunnu, fries, bakery products etc, (Afuape et al, 2015).  According to Andreas et al. (2009) sweetpotato produces food in a relatively short time, gives reliable yields in sub-optimal growth conditions, requires lower labour inputs (appropriate for vulnerable households) than other staples, serves as an alternative food source for urban population and provides an option to reduce vitamin A deficiency among other health benefits. The orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties are gaining great attention as a means of reducing common health related problems in low income communities associated with vitamin A deficiency (Chipungu et al., 1999).  The varieties are believed to be the least expensive source of dietary vitamin A available to poor families and plays a vital role in boosting household nutrition (Laure et al., 2013).  This is due to their high nutritive value of beta-carotene content, a precursor to vitamin A synthesis (Ukpabi et al, 2012). The strategy of increasing orange fleshed sweetpotato consumption helps to alleviate vitamin A deficiency, which causes night blindness (Anderson et al., 2007).

Despite the numerous potential uses and benefits of sweetpotato, the production of the crop is below the potential level due to socioeconomic, biotic and abiotic factors (Kivuva et al., 2014). It have been observed that yields realized from farmer’s fields are low due to use of low yielding varieties, poor agronomic practices, pests and diseases, drought, lack of capital and destruction of crops by animals etc (Yanggen and Naguja, 2006). Among all the problems highlighted, timely access to adequate quantities of quality vines has been cited as one of the major constraints facing sweetpotato production in sub-Saharan Africa (McGuire and Sterling, 2016; McEwan et al., 2015). Carey et al. (2013) reported that vine conservation in Nigerian depends on the rainfall pattern, the availability of irrigation system and the availability of wetlands or river banks. These factors resulted in the farmers sourcing vines from volunteer sprouts or from the fields of neighbors and kinfolks and the amount of material available at the beginning of the rains is limited. Moreover, the recycling of material can lead to the build-up of pests and diseases and subsequent yield reduction (McEwan, 2016).

Earlier studies on field calibration of NPK in relation to sweetpotato production (Chukwu et al., 2000) focused more attention on root yield with no attention given to vine production. With the recent interest in moving sweetpotato seed systems from informal to formal and increasing demand for the seeds of improved varieties, sweetpotato vine multipliers are looking for alternative means of generating more planting materials within a short period of time so as to meet up with the demands of customers. Nitrogen fertilizer application is one of the quickest means of increasing the growth of crops. However, there is no information on the effect of nitrogen on the sweetpotato vine multiplication ratio and hence the need for this study.


1.1  OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this experiment is to study the effect of Nitrogen (Urea) fertilizer on growth and vine yield of sweetpotato. The specific objectives are to:

1.     Determine the effect of Nitrogen fertilizer ( Urea ) rates on the growth of two varieties of sweetpotato

2.     Determine the effect of Nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) rates on the vine and biomass yield of two varieties of sweetpotato.

3.     Determine the variety with superior growth and higher vine yield. 



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