ABSTRACT
Life cycle analysis is one of the most used methods to evaluate the environmental impacts caused by a certain product or system. It consists of four phases which follows the requirement set by ISO 14040, which are defining the goal and scope of the research, collecting relevant inventory data for life cycle inventory analysis, conducting the life cycle impact assessment, and interpretation, which can be carried out during the other three phases. There are also various methods to conduct this study, and the one that will be used for this study will be the ReCiPe method, which can display the environmental impacts in terms of 18 impact categories and the damage towards human health, ecosystem diversity, and resource cost. The system that will be studied will be the palm oil mill, the place responsible in production of crude palm oil and other products that may cause harmful effect to the environment. The study will be conducted using the SIMAPRO Version 8 software, which is dedicated towards life cycle analysis. From this research, the environmental impact from the palm oil mill can be assessed and evaluated.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL ii
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY iii
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background 1
Problem Statement 2
Objectives 2
Scope of Study 2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Palm Oil Mill 4
Unit Processes in a Palm Oil Mill 4
Palm Oil Mill Residues 5
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 6
Methods to Conduct LCA 7
CML-IA 7
Eco-indicator 99 7
2.3.3 IPCC 2013 7
2.3.4 Recipe 8
Types of LCA 11
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology 12
Key Milestone 14
Gantt Chart 16
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Life Cycle Assessment for Palm Oil Mill 19
Discussion 31
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Palm Oil Production Network 22
Figure 2: Normalized Midpoint Impact Indicators for Production of Crude Palm Oil 24
Figure 3: Normalized Midpoint Indicators for each Processes in the Production of Crude Palm Oil 25
Figure 4: Normalized Damage Indicators for Production of Crude Palm Oil 26
Figure 5: Normalized Damage Indicators for Processes in the Production of Crude Palm Oil 27
Figure 6: Single Score Based on Perspectives for Production of Crude Palm Oil 28
Figure 7: Single Score Based on the Hierarchist Perspective for Processes in Production of Crude Palm Oil 29
Figure 8: Single Score Based on the Individualist Perspective for Processes in Production of Crude Palm Oil 30
Figure 9: Single Score Based on the Egalitarian Perspective for Processes in Production of Crude Palm Oil 31
Figure 10: Normalized Value of Midpoint Indicators for Nursery 32
Figure 11: Normalized Value of Endpoint Indicators for Nursery 33
Figure 12: Normalized Value for Midpoint Indicators of Plantation 34
Figure 13: Normalized Value for Endpoint Indicators of Plantation 35
Figure 14: Normalized Value for Midpoint Indicators of Palm Oil Mill 36
Figure 15: Normalized Value for Endpoint Indicators of Palm Oil Mill 37
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Impact Categories for Recipe Method (Goedkoop et al, 2009) 9
Table 2: Inventory Data for the Production of a Single Seedling in the Nursery (Muhammad H. et al, 2010) 19
Table 3: Inventory Data for the Production of 1 ton FFB at the Plantation (Zulkifli H, et al, 2010) 20
Table 4: Inventory Data for the Production of 1 t Crude Palm Oil in the Palm Oil Mill (Vijaya S et al, 2010) 20
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background
From 2006 to 2010, the amount of production of palm oil in the world per year increased by 6.41% (Kaewmai R, H-Kittikun A, Musikavong C, 2012). Palm oil is currently the most used vegetable oil in the world, with Indonesia and Malaysia as the world’s two leading producers and exporters of palm oil. From the oil palms, two types of oils are produced; palm oil (93.4%) from the flesh or mesocarp and palm kernel oil (6.6%) from the seed or kernel inside the hard-shell mesocarp (Stichnothe H, Schuchardt F, 2010). Palm oil can be used as edible oils, cosmetics and detergents, and for biodiesel production. To produce 1 t of crude palm oil, 5 t of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are needed. FFB is the bunch harvested from oil palm. It weighs around 5 to 50 kg, and may contain 1500 individual fruits. However, processing the FFB will lead to the production of residues, such as the empty fruit bunch (EFB) and the palm oil mill effluent (POME). These residues can cause harm to the environment, such as global warming due to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, eutrophication where excess amount of nutrients sip into the water, promoting the growth of organic matter which will deplete the oxygen inside the water and kill the aquatic lives, and toxicity due to chemicals released during the process.
In this study, life cycle analysis (LCA) will be used to evaluate how far these harms can damage the environment. LCA is a method to assess environmental impacts related with all the stages of a product’s life. LCA can assist in avoiding a constricted outlook on environment concerns by collecting the inventory data for important energy and material inputs and environmental releases, evaluating the potential impacts related with recognized inputs and releases, and interpreting the results to help make a more well-versed decision. LCA follows the requirements set by the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) in ISO 14040 and 14044, in which there are four separate phases; goal and scope, life cycle inventory (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and interpretation. There are also types of LCA approach, such as cradle-to- grave, cradle-to-gate, and gate-to-gate. These types will decide the system boundary for the assessment.
Problem Statement
One of the key problems found in the previous researches is the inventory data or lack thereof. For example, emission data from the EFB dumping sites are not available (Kaewmai R, H-Kittikun A, Musikavong C, 2012), and the SimaPro software is European software with European data, so the researchers encounter a problem in which the background data for their study of Malaysian palm oil mill is limited (Lam M K, Lee K T, 2010). Another problem is the methods used to conduct the life cycle assessment provide limited impact categories. For example, CML 2 (2000) Baseline method (Chiew Y L, Shimada S, 2012) and Eco indicator 99 (Stichnothe H, Schuchardt F, 2011) were used in previous studies. These methods have limited amount of impact categories. No other researches have utilized the ReCiPe method, especially in the assessment of palm oil mills.
Objectives
The objectives of this study are:
1. To design an inventory data by collecting the relevant input and output from sources such as literatures and existing palm oil mills.
2. To use ReCiPe method to evaluate the environmental impact caused by the palm oil mills.
Scope of Study
The scope of this study relies on the method that will be used to conduct the life cycle assessment.
- The LCA approach will be the cradle-to-gate variant, where the system boundary will cover the nursery, plantation, and the palm oil mill itself.
- SimaPro version 8 will be used as the software to conduct the LCA, utilizing the ReCiPe method which can produce result in
the form of 18 impact categories.
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