ISLAMIC STATES IN WEST AFRICA PROVINCE (ISWAP) INSURGENCE AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

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ABSTRACT

National development is the outcome of various actions taken by the political leadership. However, consciously or unconsciously, African countries including Nigeria are not committed to all that is needed to guarantee a nationwide development. Most often, they allow sectional and ethnic interest to take precedence over national interest. Consequently, it develops into championing ethnic welfare which develops into insurgent group. This pictures the situation in Nigeria. The country has been witnessing the activities of various insurgent groups which are detrimental to national development. Prominent nowadays is the insurgent activities of the “The Islamic State in West Africa or Islamic State's West Africa Province”(abbreviated as ISWA or ISWAP), formerly known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād "Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad") and commonly known as Boko Haram is a jihadist terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, also active in Chad, Niger and northern Cameroon.. This study, therefore, bent to look at insurgency and national development, using the effect of ISWAP (Boko Haram) activities on the economy of the northern Nigeria to analyse the connection between the two. The Researcher adopted the use of secondary sources of data. Data was collected through documentary materials like books, journals, Newspaper, Magazines, conference papers, radio, Television commentaries and the internet. These sources were supported with statistical data and figures. It was found out that various insurgent activities of the ISWAP (Boko Haram) group have negatively affected the economy of the North, and this has deepened the underdevelopment in Nigeria. The findings are the economic, political and social impacts of ISWAP (Boko Haram) on Nigerian national development. In conclusion, one can see how the threat and worst Boko Haram is on Nigerian national development.  It is therefore, recommended Nigeria should address the major root cause of insurgency in this country, which is socio-economic deprivation, as it manifests in high level of poverty among Nigerians. And that all efforts should be made to provide basic needs for the people, especially by reducing the high level of unemployment among the youths.

 


 

 

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title Page……………………………………………………………i

Approval page………………………………………………………ii

Dedication………………………………………………………….iii

Acknowledgement…………………………………………………iv

Table of Contents…………………………………………………..v

Abstract…………………………………………………………..viii

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study………….……………………..1

1.2 Statement of the problem ……………………………………….2

1.3 Objectives of the study………….…………………...2

1.4       Research Questions……………..…………………………….2

1.5       significance of the study….…………………………………3

1.5 Scope of the study……………………….…………………3

1.6 Limitations of the study…………………………………………...3

1.7 Definition of concepts/terms ……………………………………..3

 

CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature review…..…………………………………………….6

2.3 Poverty theory…………………………………………………….9

2.4 The recent threats of Iswap on the Nigerian national security….….13

2.5 The origin of Iswap in west Africa……………………………….15

2.6 Historical development of Insurgency in Nigeria..18

2.7 Causes of Iswap Insurgency in Nigeria ………………………………...23

2.8 The impact of Iswap insurgency on the economy of Nigeria ………….27

 

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Theoretical framework……………………………………………34

3.2.Research hypothesis……….…………………………………….34

3.3 Research design………………………………….…………………18

3.4       Methods of data collection..………………………………....35

3.5       Population of study…………………………………………35

3.6 Sample size and sampling technique………………………….....35

3.7     Method of data presentation and analysis.…………….37

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Data presentation and analysis …………………………………..39

4.1 Questionnaire distribution and their responses returned…………39

4.2       Data presentation…………………………………………..40

4.3       Data analysis………………………………………………52

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0     SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1       Summary…………………………………………………61

5.2 Conclusion…………..……………………………………….62

5.3 Recommendations………………………………………….62

References………………………………………………………64

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Development is the preoccupation of every political system and political leadership. In the same vein, “violence and instability are not known to be catalysts for economic development” (Msue, 2013). Therefore, it is only in an atmosphere of peace and tranquility that an individual can progress and indeed country can achieve national development. Since economic activities only flourish in a peaceful atmosphere, insecurity, therefore, is a threat to national development.

Insecurity of life and property, which is the instrument of national progress, is common in Africa and Nigeria. Whereas the “State is instituted by way of remedy for the inconvenience of state of nature to avert a state of war. It is created in order that life, liberty and property may be preserved” (Appadorai, 1975), the Nigerian State, however, seem to have failed in fulfilling one of the fundamental functions of a state, which is to provide adequate security for the citizens. Nigerians feel unsecured, unable to go about their economic activities due to the insurgency of the Boko Haram sect. The rising wave of wicked activities of ISWAP has put Nigeria in the global glare of publicity as being terrorist haven. This Research, therefore, seeks to find out the devastating socio-economic effects of ISWAP's serial killings and bombings in the Northern Nigeria, especially in Kano, Borno, Yobe, Adamawa, Niger, Kaduna, Plateau, Kogi, Bauchi and Sokoto. It seeks to analyse the jeopardy ISWAP insurgency has put the economic and commercial activities in the north into, affecting negatively not only the economic prosperity of the north in particular but also the development of Nigeria in general.


1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

ISWAP is a terrorist organization which caused the loss of lives and properties in northern Nigeria, while others considered it as insurgent group financed by foreign nationals to spoil the image of Islam and Muslims. There are causes and factors that impacted negatively on Nigerian national development which include economic, political and social affairs. This study tries to answer the questions on ISWAP that are:

·         What is the origin of ISWAP in Nigeria?

·         What are the factors that caused ISWAP in Nigeria?

·         How does ISWAP impact on the National development?


1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study, therefore, sought to look at the insurgency and national development, using the effect of ISWAP activities on the economy of Nigeria to analyse the connection between the two.

The specific objectives are:

·         To study the origin and root cause of ISWAP in Nigeria.

·         To discover the impact of ISWAP on the national development.

·         To find solutions to ISWAP insurgence in Nigeria.


1.4       Research Questions

The following research questions were posed to guide the study:

1.      What are the causes of ISWAP insurgence in Nigeria?

2.      What are the impacts of ISWAP insurgency on the National development?

3.      What are the solutions to ISWAP insurgency in Nigeria?


1.5       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will contribute in theory-building to assist student researchers, scholars, Organizations and government in finding solution to the ISWAP insurgency of attacks, destructions of lives and properties, armed robbery, kidnapping, raping and other social violence which affected social sector of the society and other economic activities due to lack of peace and security.


1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this research is limited to a critical examination of ISWAP insurgency in Nigeria and its impact on the National development. The geographical scope was limited to the 23 Armoured Brigades, Yola of 3rd Armoured Division Adamawa State.


1.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The researcher encountered some difficulties in the process of carrying the research. Chiefly among is the biased and uncooperative attitude of the officers that served as the respondents of the research. Ensuring that the questionnaire was well completed and returned was a big challenge for the researcher. This situation compelled the researcher to visit the Army base on many occasions in order to share and retrieve the filled in copies of the questionnaire.  The risk and cost of transportation to the Army barracks was also overwhelming because of poor road network in from the East to the Northern State. Financing the research from the beginning to the end posed some challenge to the researcher because of the economic condition of Nigeria.


1.7 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS/TERMS

Islamic State's West Africa Province (ISWAP)

The Islamic State in West Africa or Islamic State's West Africa Province (abbreviated as ISWA or ISWAP), formerly known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād ("Group of the People of Sunnah for Preaching and Jihad") and commonly known as Boko Haram is a jihadist terrorist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, also active in Chad, Niger and northern Cameroon.

Security

The term security has a different definition by different authors; in the actual sense, it is difficult to have a universal definition. According to Igbuzor (2001) in Mau and Mau (2017: 22) security is defined ―as the condition or feeling of safety from harm or danger, the defence, protection and preservation of core values and the absence of threats to those values‖. Similarly, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP, 1994) in Otto and Ukpere (2012) defined human security to include such chronic threats as hunger disease and repression. Security means protection from hidden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life in homes, offices or communities. Security may also be defined as the state of being or making safe secure from danger.

Insurgency

Insurgency is an organized resistance movement that uses subversion, sabotage, and armed conflict to achieve its aims. Insurgencies normally seek to overthrow the existing social order and reallocate power within the country.

Development

Scholars have defined development in various ways. Hahn-Been Lee (1970, p.8) defines development as a process of acquiring a sustained growth of a system’s capability to cope with new, continuous changes toward the achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives. In the opinion of Akonji and Akosile (2001) “it means the attainment of self governance, to others it signifies the provision of essential infrastructure that create a healthy atmosphere, proper provision of education, communication and ability to evolve an amiable business environment for its citizenry while some even sees it as achievement in technological advancement”.

National Development

Evolving from the meaning of development, national development can be explained to mean totality of improvement in collective and concrete terms across socio-economic, political, technology as well as religion and is best achieved through strategies mapped out by government as contained in the nation development plans (Akindele, Ogini & Agada, 2013; p. 171). In the opinion of Oluwatoyin and Lawal (2011, p. 237) national development can be defined as “the overall development of collective socio-economic, political as well as religious advancement of a country or a nation. This is best achieved through development planning, which can be described as the countries collection of strategies mapped out by government.


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