ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to evaluate rice milling as substitute for maize in enzyme supplemented and unsupplemented diets of laying birds. Firstly, the Rice Milling Waste were analyzed to determine their proximate composition, mineral composition, anti-nutritional composition and fibre fractions. The Crude protein of rice milling waste used is 11.66%, fat 5.67%, Crude fibre 24.79%, Moisture content 9.57%, Ash 14.41% and Energy 1846 kcal/kg. Mineral content of RMW were 24.76 mg/100g, Phosphorus 59.29mg/100g, Magnesium 18.45 mg/100g Sodium 36.50 mg/100g and Potassium 43.75mg/100g. Antinutritional contents are Phytate 0.25mg/100g, Saponin 0.16mg.100g, Oxalate 0.48mg/100g, Tannin 0.024mg/100g Alkaloid 0.065mg/100g and Flavonoid 0.34mg/100g. While the fibre fractions of RMW were Cellulose 21.62%, Hemicellulose 16.35%, Lignin 11.69%, Acid detergent fibre (ADF) 15.24%, Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 12.75% and Silica 13.68% respectively. In the second experiment, Ten (10) straight diets were formulated and divided into two (2) groups A and B such that group A (T1-T5) were the non-enzyme diets and group B (T6-T10) were the enzyme diets. Rice milling waste were substituted for maize in the ratio of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in group A (T1-T5) and group B (T6-T10) respectively. The growth performance and economic efficiency of using RMW as substitute for maize in pullets (0-8weeks) ration were carried out. Final weight, daily weight and daily feed intake showed a significant (P<0.05) difference among the diet groups. Feed conversion ratio were observed to differ (P<0.05) significantly with T5 and T10 having the highest value. Cost/kg feed and Cost of feed consumed/bird showed a significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatment diets. Hematological parameters of substituting maize with RMW in the ration of pullets (0-8 weeks), showed a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the Hb, PCV and RBC as RMW increased in both groups of diets. WBC increased in group A diet, and decreased in group B diet. MCV, MCH and MCHC recorded significant (P<0.05) difference among the diet groups. Serum of starter pullets (0-8 weeks) showed Total protein, Albumin, ALT, AST, Bilirubin and Urea had a significant (P<0.05) difference among the diet groups. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in Cholesterol. A significant (P<0.05) difference exists in Creatinine and ALP. However, T5, T6, T8 and T9 are similar in ALP values. Performance and economic efficiency of growing pullets (8-16 weeks) were carried out. Final weight, Daily weight gain revealed a significant (P<0.05) improvement in both diet groups. Daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio improved significantly (P<0.05). Cost/kg feed and cost of feed consumed/bird recorded a significant (P<0.05) difference. Haematology of growing pullets (8-16weeks) did not differ (P>0.05) in Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and MCHC. However, RBC and WBC differed (P<0.05) significantly. The serum of growing pullets (8-16 weeks) showed a significant (P< 0.05) difference in Total protein and Albumin in both group of diets. ALT revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference in both group of diets. AST values differed (P<0.05) significantly in both group of diets. A significant (P<0.05) difference were observed in Bilirubin and Urea in both group of diets. Creatinine and Cholesterol recorded a significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments in both groups of diets. ALP also showed a significant (P<0.05) difference in both treatment group of diets. However, T1, T4and T5 are comparable. The final weight of layers birds differed (P<0.05) significantly in both diet groups. However, T1, T2, T7 and T8 are comparable. Daily weight gains are comparable within T1, T2, T3, T7 and T8 while T6, T9 and T10 are also comparable. Daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, cost/kg/feed, cost of feed consumed/bird, weekly egg produced and Hen-day percent revealed a significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatment diets in both group. No significant (P>0.05) were observed in Hb of layer birds in both groups of diets. The PCV, RBC, WBC and MCV showed a significant (P<0.05) difference in both group of diets. MCH and MCHC had no significant (P>0.05) difference in both group of diets. Serum of layer birds (16-36wks) showed that T4 and T9 had the highest total protein while the lowest value were observed in T3 and T8. Albumin showed a significant (P<0.05) difference in both group of diets as RMW increased. ALT recorded a significant (P<0.05) difference in the treatments. AST decreased in value as RMW increased in both group of diet, and there were a significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments. Bilirubin, creatinine, cholesterol Urea had a significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatments, while ALP showed no significant (P>0.05) difference. The external egg quality revealed that egg weight had no significant (P>0.05) difference. Egg length showed that T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 are comparable to each other likewise T6, T7, T8, T9, and T10. Egg width, shell weight and shell thickness showed a significant (P<0.05) difference among the treatment diets. Internal egg quality showed no significant (P>0.05) difference in the egg volume, yolk weight and yolk width. However, T2 had the highest value of egg volume while T7 revealed the highest yolk weight and T7 had the highest yolk width. The albumen weight showed a significant (P<0.05) difference. Albumen height and yolk height showed a significant (P<0.05) difference in both diet groups. From the result it can be concluded that RMW can replace maize up to 100% and supplemented with enzyme for optimum performance, nutrient digestibility and better egg production with minimal environmental pollution effect.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vi-vii
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Objectives
of the Study 3
1.2 Justification 4
CHAPTER
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Rice
milling in Nigeria 5
2.2 Description
of rice mill by-products 6
2.2.1 Rice
milling waste 6
2.2.2 Rice
bran 7
2.2.3 Rice
meal 8
2.2.4
Rice polishing 8
2.2.5 Rice
offal 9
2.2.6 Mineral
contents of rice offal 10
2.2.7 Amino
acid content of rice offal 10
2.3 Brewer
waste 10
2.4 Soya
waste 11
2.4 Agro-
industrial by-Products in diets for chicken and ducks 11
2.6 Processing
of feed ingredients for incorporation in animal diet 12
2.7 Some
processing methods 13
2.7.1 Grinding
13
2.7.2 Boiling
15
2.7.3 Fermentation
15
2.8 Anti-nutritional
factor in rice by-products 15
2.9 Particle
size in relation to feed intake of broilers 17
2.10 Fiber in poultry nutrition 11
2.11 Beneficial
Effect of fibre in poultry nutrition 21
2.12 Problems
associated with Fibre in nutrition 23
2.13 Feed
Enzyme 24
2.13.1 Enzymes
in poultry nutrition 25
2.13.2 Major types of Enzymes used in Poultry
Nutrition 28
2.13.3 Methods
of Enzymes Supplementation 28
2.13.4 Enzymes
activity in diets 30
2.14 Responses
of poultry birds to enzyme supplemented diets 30
2.14.1 Laying
Hens 30
2.15.2 Broilers 31
2.15 Egg
Production Characteristics 32
2.16 Egg
Quality 33
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental Site 35
3.2 Source
of Enzyme 35
3.3 The
Experiments 35
3.3.1 Experiment One: Determination of the
nutrient and antinutrient
constituents
of rice milling waste 36
3.3.2 Experiment Two: Effects of dietary
substitution of rice milling
waste for maize in
diets of pullet chicks (0-8 Weeks)
(with and Without
Enzyme) 36
3.3.3 Experiment
Three: Effects of dietary substitution of rice milling
waste for maize in
grower pullets mash (With and Without Enzyme). 38
3.3.4 Experiment Four: Effects of dietary
substitution of rice milling
waste
for maize in layers mash (With and Without Enzyme). 40
3.7 Experimental
Birds and Management 42
3.7.1 Medication
and Sanitation 42
3.8 Chemical
Composition Determination 42
3.8.1 Blood
Chemistry and Haematology Analysis 42
3.9 Egg
Quality 47
3.10 Data
Collection and Statistical Analysis 48
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULTS
AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Gross Chemical Composition of Rice
Milling Waste 49
CHAPTER
5: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 89
5.2 Recommendation 92
REFERENCES
93
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1: Proximate
Composition and Metabolizable of Rice Offal
10
2:2 Influence
of particle size in intake, growth and gizzard 13
2.3: Digestibility
figures for fiber as observed from different animal 19
2.4 Enzymes used in poultry
nutrition 28
3.1: Composition
of the experiment 2 diet (starter phase 0 – 8 weeks) 36
3.2: Composition of experiment 3 diet
(grower phase 8-16 weeks) 38
3.3: Composition of experiment 4 diet
(layers mash) 40
4.1 Proximate
Composition of Rice Milling Waste
48
4.2: Mineral
Composition of Rice Milling waste (RMW) 49
4.3 Antinutritional
composition of rice milling waste (Rmw)
49
4.4 Fibre
Fractions of Rice Milling Waste 50
4.5: Growth
performance and economic efficiency of using
rice
milling waste as substitute for maize in pullets (0-8 weeks) 53
4.6: Evaluation
of the Hematological parameters of substituting
maize
with rice milling in the ration of pullets (0-8 weeks). 57
4.7: Serum
Biochemistry analysis of starter pullets (0-8 weeks)
fed
rice milling waste 61
4.8: Response
performance of growing pullets (8wks-16wks) fed
rice milling wastes 64
4.9: Hematology
analysis of growing pullets (8wks – 16wks) fed
rice
milling wastes 66
4.10: Serum
analysis of growing pullets (8wks-16wks) fed rice milling
wastes 70
4.11: Response
performance of layer birds fed rice milling waste
(16-36wks) 74
4.12: Hematology
analysis of layer birds (16wks – 36wks) fed rice
milling
wastes 78
4.13: Serum
biochemistry analysis of layer birds (16wks – 36 wks) fed
rice
milling waste 83
4.14: Egg
quality of layer birds (16wks-36wks) fed rice milling waste 87
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The
use of agricultural and agro-industrial by-products as a low cost alternative
feed resource for laying birds lacks adequate attention. Rice milling waste (RMW),
an agricultural by-product of rice milling is available in abundance in
Nigeria and presently, it constitutes a nuisance to the environment (Belewu,
1998). Presently, it is assumed that it has no direct nutritional value and is
used as fuel. According to Shqueir et al, (1989), attempts at feeding it to
poultry resulted in poor growth performance because of low nutritional quality,
high fibre and lignin content. Rice milling waste contains 2.9-3.6% crude protein,
0.8-1.2% either extract, 39-42% crude fibre and 15-22% ash (Farrel, 1994).
Higher
percentage of rice milling wastes have been found to be possible with duckling
and laying hens, while 60% rice bran has been successfully used in layers
diets, while an upper limit of 45% is more widely accepted (Farrel, 1994).
The
rising cost of poultry feeds have continued to be a problem in developing
countries as feed cost accounts for about 65 to 75% (Nworgu et al., 1999) of total cost of poultry
production compared to about 50 to 60% in developed countries (Tackie and
Flenscher, 1995). Similarly, the high cost of conventional feed ingredients
such as maize, groundnut cake, fish meal among others in the past years led to
increase in the prices of animal protein (Adejinmi et al., 2007). The cost of feed is also related to the cost of
ingredients. The availability of maize as a major ingredient and its price in
the poultry diets are influenced by competition between man, industry and
livestock. It becomes imperative to find a cheap alternative for maize in
poultry diet. Most of the alternative feed ingredients for maize contain
non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) (Dalibord, 2006). However, the layers
digestive enzyme profiles are not designed to digest NSP thereby limiting the
layers ability to utilize high feedstuffs. This intolerable high fiber content
causes digestive inefficiency of the gastro-intestinal tract thereby reducing
the effect of digestive enzymes and nutrient absorption (Jozefiak et al., 2004). Efforts to extract more
nutrients from feed stuffs (both conventional and non-conventional) have been a
focus of research for decades (Peter and Hoffman, 2002). In recent times more
effort have been directed towards harvesting and utilizing by- products and
wastes which are not directly utilizable by man, and to take advantage of the
convertible mechanism of animal organ to covert what is seen as a waste into wholesome
animal product for human consumption (Atteh, 2002).
Rice
milling waste is a common by-product of rice milling that is high in crude fiber
of about 12% (Aduku, 1993). For proper functioning of the digestive organs,
birds require low level of fibre in their diets. High levels inclusion of high
fiber non-conventional feedstuff in poultry feeds yielded negative responses
because of increased fiber levels which reduce nutrients utilization and
precipitate metabolic dysfunction which affects growth negatively when ingested
by non-ruminant animals (Makinde et al.,
2013). Animal nutritionists have adopted the use of exogenous enzymes in
poultry feeds to enhance the utilization of this high fibre non-conventional
feed stuff.
The
possibility of using exogenous enzymes in non-ruminant has provided
nutritionist with a very important tool to improve feed digestibility, reduce
environmental contamination and provide opportunity for low feed cost, thus
allowing for more flexibility in diet formulation. This has resulted in better
flock performance, better litter quality and improved bird health, which
consequently has a positive influence on total production cost (Saleh et al., 2005). Feed enzyme use, had only
a limited success, although phytase has been shown to increase phosphorus
availability (Farrel, 1994). Many commercial enzymes have shown to be effective
when added to poultry diets containing high level of non-starch polysaccharides
(NSP) such as wheat, barley, sorghum, peas and lupines due to better digestion
of soluble and insoluble NSP (Saleh et al.,
2005). There are improvement obtained by adding enzymes to diet and it depends
on many factors which includes type and quality of cereals in the diet. The
spectrum and concentration of enzymes used, type and age of animal (Marquardt,
1997). In formulating poultry feed, the choice of suitable enzymes for a
practical diet is important (Wtihelm Guenter, 1997). Carbohydrate for example
may require enzymes with diverse activities that are able to target different sugar
components of feedstuffs used in poultry diet.
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of this study is
to;
1.
Evaluate the nutrient and anti-nutrient
constituents of rice milling waste
a. Proximate
constituents
b. Mineral
constituents
c. Anti-nutrients
(anti-nutritional factors)
d. Fibre
constituents (Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, Lignin, Acid detergent fibre, Neutral
detergent fibre, Silica)
2.
Evaluate the productive and economic
efficiency of using rice milling waste as substitute for maize in pullets
(0-8weeks) ration.
3.
Evaluate the production and economic
efficiency of using rice milling waste as substitute for maize in pullets (8-16
weeks) ration.
4.
Evaluate the productive and economic
efficiency of using rice milling waste as substitute for maize in layers (16-36
weeks) ration.
5.
Evaluate the internal and external
qualities of the eggs.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
Supplementation of enzymes in poultry
diets has been known to enhance the bird’s capacity to digest and absorb more nutrients
which would have hitherto been lost. Also, the use of enzyme in poultry diets
increases the feeding value of feed raw materials. Furthermore, enzymes
addition to poultry diets allow for greater use of targeted ingredients and
thus reduces the cost of diets. Enzymes addition in poultry diets consequently
reduces the variation in nutrient quality of the feed and also enhances greater
nutrient availability to the birds. Finally, rice milling waste that is left to
rot or cause environmental nuisance can be used in layers diets when
supplemented with enzymes in the diets.
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