ABSTRACT
The experiment was conducted under
irrigation at the Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, University of
Maiduguri, during the 2022/2023 dry season between the months of November to
February, to evaluate the performance of poultry manure rates on growth and
yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) the
different rates used were 0, 6, 8, and 10t/ha. The treatment was laid out in
randomized complete block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. The result
of the experiment shows that application of poultry manure significantly
affected growth and yield of onion. With increase of poultry manure from 8 and
10t/ha of poultry manure, taller; plants of (57.7), a greater number of leaves
with (19.76), widest bulb diameter with | (7.07), heaviest bulb weight with
(81.83), and highest bulb yield with (19.33) were 3 obtained. It could be
therefore concluded that 8 and 10tv/ha™ of poultry manure 7 greatly influence
the yield of onion in Semi-Arid Zone of Maiduguri, Borno State.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page- - - - - - - - - - - i
Certification - - - - - - - - - - ii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - iii
Acknowledgements
- - - - - - - - - iv
Abstract- - - - - - - - - - - v
Table of
contents- - - - - - - - - - vi
List of tables- - - - - - - - - - viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Background of the study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Economic Importance of Onion - - - - - - 2
1.3 Justification of the Study - - - - - - - 3
1.4 Objectives of the study - - - - - - - - 3
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0
Literature Review - - - - - - - - - 4
2.1 Origin, Distribution and
Production of Onions - - - - - - 4
2.2 Effect of Poultry Manure On
Soil Fertility - - - - - - 5
2.3 Effect of Poultry Manure Rates
on Growth and Yield of Onion - - - 7
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods - - - - - - - 8
3.1 Experimental Site - - - - - - - - - 8
3.2 Treatments and Experimental
Design - - - - - - - 8
3.3 Source of Seedlings - - - - - - - - - 8
3.4 Cultural Practices - - - - - - - - - 9
3.4 Land Preparation and
Transplanting - - - - - - - 9
3.4.1 Manure application - - - - - - - - - 9
3.4.2 Irrigation - - - - - - - - - - 9
3.4.3 Weed control- - - - - - - - - - 10
3.4.4 Harvesting - - - - - - - - - - 10
3.5 Data Collection - - - - - - - - - - 10
3.5.1 Plant height (cm) - - - - - - - - - 11
3.5.2 Number of leaves per plant - - - - - - - - 11
3.5.3 Bulb diameter (cm) - - - - - - - - - 11
3.5.4 Bulb weight (g) /plant - - - - - - - - - 11
3.5.5 Bulb yield per plot (kg) - - - - - - - - 11
3.5.6. Bulb yield per hectare
(kg/ha) - - - - - - - 11
3.6 Statistical Analysis - - - - - - - - - 12
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Results - - - - - - - - - - 13
4.1.1 Plant height (cm) - - - - - - - - 15
4.1.2 Number of leaves per plant - - - - - - - 17
4.1.3 Effect of poultry manure rates on
bulb diameter (cm) and
bulb weight per
plant (g). - - - - - - - 19
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - 21
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 21
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - - 21
References - - - - - - - - - - 22
Appendix - - - - - - - - - - - 25
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Fig. 1: Field Layout and the Experiment - - - - - - 9
Table 1: Effect of poultry manure
rates on Plant height at 3, 6, 9 and 12 WAT
in Maiduguri,
during 2022/2023 dry season - - - - 14
Table 2: Effect of poultry manure
rates on number of leaves per plant at 3, 6, 9
and 12 WAT in
Maiduguri, during 2022/2023 dry season - - 15
Table 3: Effect of poultry manure
rates on Bulb diameter (cm) and Bulb
weight (g) in
Maiduguri, during 2022/2023 dry season - - - 17
Table 4: Effect of poultry manure
rates on Yields/Plot and Yield/ha in
Maiduguri,
during 2022/2023 dry season - - - - - - 19
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
In many
developing countries, farmers have limited financial resources and can rarely
afford to purchase sufficient mineral fertilizers at the same time. The problem
of affordability and procurement of chemical fertilizers by resource-poor
farmers make the use of poultry manures a viable alternative (Chen and Hammond,
1988). Wiliam et al., (1991)
recommended organic manure application to onion production in the tropics based
on the fact that organic manure improves soil water availability through
retention, accretion and better response of crops to soil amendment materials.
Organic manure alone or in combination with mineral fertilizer exerts more
beneficial effect on fruit yield when compared to fertilizer applied alone
(Ehigiator, 1998). According to (Aisha et
al., 2007) crops cultivated with organic manures are not only free from
harmful chemicals; they are also safer, healthier and tastier. Apart from
supplying plant nutrients, Akinfasoye and Akanbi (2005) also justified that
they improve soil physical and microbial properties and eliminate pollution of
underground water. Onions are more susceptible than other crops in extracting
nutrients, especially the immobile types such as Ca, Mn, Fe and Zn, because of
their shallow un- branched root system, hence they require and often respond
well to addition of fertilizers (Brewester, 1994). Onion is a heavy feeder,
requiring ample supplies of nutrients.
The use of
organic manure and compost has been shown to improve the soil organic matter content
and crop yield (Soumare et al.,
2003). The mineral composition of crops depends on the amount and type of
nutrients taken from the growth medium, and it is necessary that adequate
amount of nutrients should be available for the production and nutrient content
of crops (Barker et al., 2006). The
organic manure is very important in improving soil productivity and its
function is performed through the improvement of the physical condition of the
soil structure (Lombinet et al.,
1991). Adenawoola and Adejoro (2005) also found that organic matter and soil
nutrients increased with application rate of poultry manure and therefore
affirmed that poultry manure contains organic matter, N, P, K, Ca and Mg which
are released into the soil upon decomposition of the manure, and that depletion
of soil organic matter under intensive cropping can be amended by proper
addition of poultry manure into the soil. Animal fertilizers are major source
of organic matter for soil. Boyhan and Hill, (2008) found that fertilizer
requirements were higher with organic fertilizer sources compared with
conventional fertilizers presumably because nutrients were less available in
organic compounds due to slow mineralization rates. This project therefore aims
to study the performance of onion under poultry manure fertilization.
1.2
Economic Importance of Onion
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable that is
widely consumed due to its flavoring and health promoting properties. Onions
have many possible health benefits including reducing the risk of obesity,
heart disease, and cancer. Onion bulb is a rich source of minerals like
phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese and carbohydrates. It also
contains protein, Vitamin C, Vitamin B6, and antioxidants (Ware, 2017). Onion
leaves and immature bulbs are consumed as vegetable. It is mixed in other
vegetables and soups as spice and flavoring agent, It has medicinal properties
and used against ear-ache, colic pain etc. It is used for raw consumption, it
is used in making sauce, ketch-up and chutney, dried onion chips and powder
have great demand for export. And also the bulbs obtained during seed
production are feed to cattle or poultry.
1.3
Justification of the Study
Many researches
have been conducted on the effect of poultry manure on the yield of many
different kinds of plants like maize, yam, cassava and other crops and few of
the researches are conducted in Nigeria. Some of these researches show that
poultry manure influence greater yield on crop production (Oiken and Asiegbu
1993). Other researches show the Superiority of poultry manure in its effect on
the yield of these crops (Elmar and Wolfang, 1990). The diversified result of
the researches makes it difficult to establish the varying effect of poultry
manure as they affect crop yield. Scanty information is available on onion
yield with poultry manure, in this region. However, few researches in Nigeria
are inadequate to produce clear difference in the yield response of onion to
poultry manure (Oiken and Asiegbu, 1993).
Consequently, more research works
are needed to establish the effectiveness of poultry manure on the yield of
onion plants.
1.4
Objectives of the Study
The objective of the study is to;
i.
Evaluate the
performance of poultry manure rates on the growth and yield of onion.
ii.
Evaluate the
recommended poultry manure rates on the growth and yield of onion in Semi-Arid
Zone Maiduguri, Borno State.
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