LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1(a): Normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel……………………12

Figure1(b): Abnormal, sickled red blood cells blocking blood flow in a blood vessel……

Figure 2.1: Morphology of Abnormal Red Blood Cells (Alharbi, 2018)………………….

Figure 2.2: ISO ELECTRIC FOCUSING…………………………………………………

Figure 2.3: HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)………….

Figure 2.4: Paper-based Hemoglobin Solubility Assay (Alharbi, 2018)……………………

 Figure 2.5: The HemeChip with blood sample being separated into respective bands different hemoglobin type B) Graph showing Sensitivity and specificity C)Mobile Software for image processing and quantification of HemeChip results at the POC………………………………………………….

Figure 3.1:Top-Down Design and Software…………………………………………………..

Figure 3.2: The main menu flowchart……………………………………………………….

Figure 3.3: The New System Flowchart…………………………………………………….

Figure 3.4: The subsystem flowchart………………………………………………………..

Figure 3.5: The subsystem data flowchart…………………………………………………..

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Sickle cell anemia is a type of anemia. Anemia is a condition in which your blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells. This condition also can occur if your red blood cells don't contain enough hemoglobin (Doig, 2007). Sickle cell anemia is the most common form of sickle cell disease (SCD). SCD is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped red blood cells. Sickle-shaped‖ means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent (Adewoyin, 2015). Normal red blood cells are disc-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They move easily through your blood vessels. Red blood cells contain an iron-rich protein called hemoglobin. This protein carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Sickle cells contain abnormal hemoglobin called sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle hemoglobin causes the cells to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape (Randolph, et al.2012). Sickle cells are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the blood vessels of the limbs and organs. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and organ damage. It can also raise the risk for infection. Red blood cells are made in the spongy marrow inside the larger bones of the body (Saxena, 2020). Bone marrow is always making new red blood cells to replace old ones. Normal red blood cells live about 120 days in the bloodstream and then die. They carry oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (a waste product) from your body. In sickle cell anemia, the abnormal sickle cells usually die after only about 10 to 20 days (McCurdy, 1996). The bone marrow can't make new red blood cells fast enough to replace the dying ones. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited, lifelong disease. People who have the disease are born with it. They inherit two genes for sickle hemoglobin one from each parent. People who inherit a sickle hemoglobin gene from one parent and a normal gene from the other parent have a condition called sickle cell trait . (Herrick, 2020)

Figure 1(a): Normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel

Figure1(b): Abnormal, sickled red blood cells blocking blood flow in a blood vessel

Figure 1(a); shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. Figure1(b): shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells blocking blood flow in a blood vessel (Lu, 2011).

Sickle cell trait (SCT) is different than sickle cell anemia. People who have sickle cell trait don't have the disease. People with SCT usually do not have any of the symptoms of SCD and live a normal life, but they can pass the sickle cell gene on to their children. When both parents have SCT, they have a 25% chance of having a child with SCD with every pregnancy. When both parents have SCT, they have a 50% chance of having a child with SCT with every pregnancy (Knott, 2017). Sickle cell anemia has no widely available cure. However, prior or in time treatments to improve the anemia and lower complications can help with the symptoms and complications of the disease in both children and adults. Some people who have the disease have long-term pain or tiredness (Platt et al, 1994). However, with proper care and treatment, many people who have the disease can have improved quality of life and reasonable health much of the time. Because of earlier and in time starts treatments and care, people who have sickle cell anemia are now living into their forties or fifties or longer (Adewoyin, 2015).              In diagnosing of a disease, physicians make decisions about the type of disease based on the symptoms and by studying the history of the patients    

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

It has been observed that to receive medical treatment in most of our hospitals (or private laboratories) the patients queue up for several hours from one unit of the hospital to another. Starting from obtaining a new hospital folder or retrieving an old one before consulting a doctor to the laboratory unit far laboratory test than to the pharmacy to get the prescribed drugs and so on, with the manual processes involved in handling the patient most of them waste whole day in the hospital.

          Due to the number of patients, who need the attention of the doctor, the doctor’s medical lab-scientist hurries over his work without adequate attention and expertise.  Still at the end of the day he (is exhausted.

          In addition to this, the diagnosis and prescription depends on the doctor’s memory their brains are often loaded with different diseases, signs, symptoms and various drugs for the treatment.  Some of which are very similar.  To remember and process the huge information in his clinical work is very asking for this reason accurate and urgent diagnosis and subsequent drug prescription may not always be obtained.

          The keeping and retrieval of accurate records of patients are poorly carried out in most of our hospitals. Files may be misplaced the record in them might be wrongly filled.

          Finally, the keeping of folder for each patient manually takes a lot of time and money.  Some of the information are redundant. 

         The need to solve these problems gave rise for the development of Computer based information system that can help doctors to correctly diagnose sickle cell anemia and give proper prescriptions.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

This project aimed at developing a computer based information system that improves the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia.

The following objectives shall be achieved in this project work:

 I.    To design a system that can aid in in the diagnosis of a sickle cell anemia.

 II.    To design a system that can aid the registration of diagnosis information to database for future use of diagnosis of patients

 III.            To implement a system that facilitate the provision of prescriptions based on diseased diagnosed.

 IV.            To design a system that can be used to obtain report of patient’s diagnosis information on sickle cell anemia.

      1.4   SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This project will be beneficial to hospital, clinic, and society at large. It helps both the lab scientist and doctors overcome mental stress and constancy of being overworked. Furthermore, it will educate our lab scientist / doctors on the need to accumulate salient aspects of the medical know-how of even the most experienced specialist, in the computer.  So as to eliminate the vacuum that would be created when specialist dies or is incapacitated

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