ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to ascertain the Broadcast
Campaigns And Child Abuse In Eket Local Government Area, this study was aim at
analyzing the extent of Child Abuse among Eket residents, to achieve a credible
research work, several instruments were employed, for example to ensure the
validity of this project the entire work
was subjected to scrutiny by
communication experts who made valuable corrections. Also in order to achieved
a good outcome, a total of 383 questionnaires were administered to members of
the public and 370 were completed and returned constituting 92.4% of the total
copies distributed. Through this research it was establish that a large number
of Children in Eket still under goes Child Abuse ranching from neglect, physical abuse, psychological abuse and
sexual abuse. It was also ascertain that broadcast Media institutions need to
step up their Campaigns in creating awareness on Child Abuse to the People of
Eket. Based on the findings of this research, it is concluded that the
campaign on child abuse has a positive influence on how the people of Eket now
view children in their environment, and therefore the campaign on child abuse
has positive influence on child’s protection, child value therefore public
awareness remain and important part in our societal growth.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study - - - - - - - - 1
1.1.1 Eket Local Government Area - - - - - 4
1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - - 8
1.4 Research Questions - - - - - - - - 9
1.5 Hypothesis - - - - - - - - - 9
1.6 Justification of the Study - - - - - - - 10
1.7 Delimitations of the Study - - - - - - 11
1.8 Limitations of the Study - - - - - - - - 11
1.9 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - - 12
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Review of Concepts /Opinions - - - - - - - 13
2.1.2 The Concept of Child Abuse - - - - - - - 15
2.1.3 Dimensions of Child Abuse- - - - - - - 17
2.1.4 Parental Income and the effect on the
Physical well-being of the Child 20
2.1.5 Consequences of Child Abuse - - - - - - - 24
2.1.6 Impact of Media Campaign on Child Abuse - - - - - 25
2.1.7 Broadcast Media and Attitude Change Toward Child Abuse - - 27
2.2 Review of Related Studies - - - - - - - 31
2.2.1 Foster I.C (2015) Influence
Of Child Abuse And Neglect On Academic Performance Of Secondary School
Students (A Case Study Of Udi L.G.A) … A
B S. c project submitted to the
departments of Mass communication University of Enugu State.
2.2.2 Etim, E. A. (2010) Influence Of African Independent Television As A
Watchdog Against Child Abuse And Labour With A Particular Focus To Child
Trafficking (A Case Study Of Uyo metropolis)
2.3 Theoretical Frameworks - - - - - - - - 33
2.3.1 Agenda Setting Theory - - - - - - - - 33
2.3.2 Social Responsibility Theory - - - - - - - 34
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design - - - - - - - - 36
3.2 Population of the Study - - - - - - - - 37
3.3 Sample Size - - - - - - - - -
37
3.4 Sampling Procedures - - - - - - - - 38
3.5 Description of Research Instruments - - - - - - 38
3.6 Validity of Research Instruments- - - - - - - 39
3.7 Method of Data Collection - - - - - - - 39
3.8 Method of Data Analysis - - - - - - - - 40
CHAPTER
FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis - - - - - - - 41
4.2 Test of hypothesis - - - - - - - - 51
4.3 Discussion of Findings - - - - - - - - 52
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary of findings - - - - - - - - 56
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - 58
5.3 Recommendations - - - - - - - - - 58
References
Appendix
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The Nigerian
society and indeed African societies in general highly values children. This is
because of the intrinsic and emotional satisfaction children offer their
parents as well as the instrumental role they play in lineage and kinship
matters. Moreover, God sees the need of sending children to parent for the
purpose of multiplication, joy and happiness in the home. The birth of a child
is thus celebrated in the society, in many circumstances, with joy, songs and
dance Kisekka (2001) asserts that in Nigeria, the first year of a child’s life is certainly a centre
of attention. He is often carried on the back, curdled, bathed and talked to by
an array of old relations. The child, therefore, rarely eats plays as well as
sleeps alone.
Okwara
(2005) notes that a child is a valuable gift from God and every ethnic group in
Nigerian puts high value on children. In spite of this, it is unfortunate that
some children have been exposed to abuse and neglect. Okolo (2008) reports that
in several Nigerian communities, children are rejected and sometimes sent to
the streets to fend for themselves and learn how to survive on their own.
Bidemi and Adefuye (2007) are of the view that it has always been their custom
for children to help their parents work.
Children of trader would assist their parents to
sell their goods; those of farmer would help them on the farm. Today, the perception
has changed drastically as adult supervision of the children has reduced in
several cases.
The
child is now sent into the streets and highways alone. Sometimes to the market
to sell goods, he is battered, under-nourished, poorly clothed and often abuse
takes forms which include: beating with the hand, beating with available
instruments, kicking and knocking on hard objects, strangling and suffocating,
stabbing on slashing drowning, burning, poisoning, deliberate neglect,
exposure, hawking, lock in, starvation and education deprivation. All these
practices expose the child to injuries and emotional tensions that do not allow
for their effective growth and development.
Fontona
(2010) states that in America alone, between 50,000 and 70,000 incidents of
child abuse and neglect occur yearly. De Francis (2009) also reports that in
London. 10,000 children are severally battered, 5,000 to 7,500 sexually abused,
1,000 neglected every year. Gesinde (2007) notes that accurate statistics on
child abuse in Nigeria are currently unavailable. However, its existence has
been reported by Ifeyinwa (2002), Dunapo (2000) and Bukoye (2000). Thus, in
Nigeria, the prevalence of child abuse
appears higher than it does in the United
States of America. Britain is reported by Wisdom (2007) as having the lowest
figures of child abuse and neglect among
the first world nations.
Child
abuse is defined in various ways by various people. The royal college of
Psychiatrists (2004) asserts that child abuse is a term when an adult harms a
child or young person under the age of 18. Wisdom (2007) defines it as the
physical, psychological or sexual maltreatment to a child’s physical, moral or
mental well-being. It also means physical abuses, sexual abuse and neglect
which may result in bruises, broken bones, permanent physical of developmental
impairment, and emotional trauma or death. The African network for the
prevention and projection against child abuse and neglect (ANPPCAN) (2009)
defines abuse as the unintended as well as intended acts and to danger the
physical, emotional, moral and educational welfare of the child. Chalk, Gibbons
and Scarnpa (2002) are of view that when child abuse occurs with child
neglects, they are collectively called child maltreatment.
The media, particularly the broadcast media, have
been part of the campaign against child abuse. If that is so, it is probable
that the electronic media in the state have also been part of the campaign and
would probably have some kinds of influence on the audience especially the
people of Eket. It is on this note that the study out to ascertain the
influence of the broadcast media on the campaign against child abuse in Eket
Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State.
1.1 The History of Eket Local Government Area
Eket is the
second largest city in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The name also refers
to the indigenous ethnic group of the region and to their language. The city
itself, an industrial city that in recent years has become a conurbation
engulfing separate villages, has a population of over 500,000, while the urban
area which covers Okon, Idua, Afaha Eket, has a combined population of over 364,489, the
second largest urban population in Akwa Ibom state.
Eket is popularly known as Idung
Mfianwe, this name anchored on two major reason: first there is a town in
Switzerland called Eket. This buttressed the fact that the first person to
write on Eket was a Swiss Nationale. Second Eket was the hub of political and
economic activities just like Calabar and Lagos. This led to the heavy presence
to white colonial administrator and businessmen in Eket. In fact, there is an
elevated land inhabited by the whites, which is referred to as Alod Okokoro or
Abod Afianwe located at Ikot Ibiok because of this long interaction with the
white men, Eket people neat and knowledgeable and thus attracted in name Ndito Mfianwe.
Eket people are very enterprising, sociable, accommodated and hospitable. They
are a special breed of people imbued with love and bounded by strong ties of
common aspiration.
Eket
has existed as an Administrative Headquarter for more than one hundred (100)
years. When the then Head of State, Col. Yakubu Gowon created 12 state in 1967,
Eket became one of the ten (10) Division in the then Southern Eastern State.
And with the 1976 Local Government Reforms, Eket became one of then 301 Local
Government Area in Nigeria.
The
people of Eket are believed to have migrated from Cameroon during the Great
Movement of the Bantu Stock of African. The migration brought the people to the
location around the mouth of Cross River, which the claim as their first
settlement with the Oron people along the estuary of Cross River. The movement
continued along the coast into Qua Iboe River Territory, their present location.
Eket
people had early contacted with outside world long before the slave trade era.
In 1850, European Trading Company like United Africa Company (UAC), Paterson
Zochonis (PZ) and GB Ollivant, French and German trading stores were
established in Eket. And in 1887 Rev. Samuel Alexander Bill landed at Upenekang
(Ekang’s place, which was then a fishing settlement in Eket) by sea and
established Qua Iboe church of Nigeria, and converted Eket people to
Christianity.
Although Eket is one of those
communities that embraced Christianity early, traditional religious practices
are still prevalent such as the Supreme God (Abasi Anyong) some people still
believed in and worship deities (Edoho, Abasi Isong).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
On
a daily basis, children are seen hawking various kinds of wares along busy
streets. At times they do so or when it is drizzling some of the children are
sent out to the streets, motor parks or market with heavy loads immediately
after school to hawk. Sometime they are instructed not to return home until
whatever they have to sell is exhausted. This they do even late in the evening every
day, before they will be retired homes obviously tried and worn out. Parents
and guardians are known to beat up their children, at times so severely as to
cause bodily harm and injuries. It is noteworthy to mention that, Eket is a reverine area, and tends to
be offering sea routes for the trafficking of
children across Nigeria’s borders using the water ways.
All this happens in spite of the campaign in the
broadcast media against child abuse. Is it that the people of Eket are not
exposed to these media campaigns in a way that could influence the people? This
has given rise to this study in order to ascertain the influence of the
broadcast media on the campaign against child abuse in Eket Local Government
Area.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
This study hopes to achieve the
following objectives:
1. Assess
the level of exposure of residents of Eket to broadcast media campaign against child
abuse in Eket Local Government Area:
2. Ascertain
the attitude of the people of Eket towards the campaign against child abuse in Eket
Local Government Area:
3. Find
out if the broadcast media campaign against child abuse has any influence on
the people of Eket Local Government Area:
4. Determine
the nature of the influence of the broadcast media campaign against child abuse
on the people of Eket Local Government Area:
1.4 Research Questions
The
study has the following research questions:
1. What
is the level of exposure of the people of Eket Local Government Area to the
broadcast media campaign against child abuse?
2. What
are the attitudes of the people of Eket Local Government Area towards the
broadcast media campaign against child abuse?
3. Does
broadcast media campaign against child abuse have any influence on the people
of Eket Local Government Area?
4. What
is the nature of influence of the
broadcast media campaign against child abuse on the people of Eket Local
Government Area?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
Hi Broadcast Campaign as
no effect on Child Abuse in Eket Local Government Area.
Ho Broadcast Campaign as a
positive effect on Child Abuse in Eket Local Government Area.
Hi The degree of
Broadcast Campaign on Child Abuse does
not determined a positive outcome.
Ho The degree of Broadcast
Campaign on Child Abuse is determine factor for positive result.
1.6 Justification of the Study
Findings
of this study will be beneficial in the following ways should the findings show
that people have little or no exposure; the authorities can intensify the
campaign, diversifying their strategies to get to their target.
Findings
should find out if their messages get to the right persons, if so they can
sustain; if not do a self-assessing and re-strategies.
From
the findings, media should determine if the audience understand their message
or not and therefore take appropriate action.
Findings
should add to the body of knowledge on the subject and serves as reference to
the future researchers on the subject.
Since
Eket is about the same as other Local government Areas in Akwa Ibom State and
Nigeria, the findings could be generalized for other Local Government Areas in
the country.
1.7 Delimitations of the Study
This
study is restricted to an investigation of the influence of broadcast media
campaign against child abuse in Eket Local Government Area. Hence, it does not
involve any other issues except child abuse. Only two broadcast media are used
for the study. These are Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) and Akwa Ibom
Broadcasting corporation (AKBC).
The
audience for this study are parents and care givers in Eket Local Government
Area.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
Like all human
endeavours, the process of carrying out this study was not smooth sailing. It
had its limitation. One constraint that dragged out the work was respondent’s
resentment to answering questions. This limitation did not necessarily restrict
the finding of this study as concerted effort was made to persuade them that it
was simply for the purpose of academics.
Another
limitation was the failure of some respondents to complete and return the
questionnaire for this work. However, the copies of the questionnaire not
returned were few and therefore insignificant to affect the generalization of
the results of this study.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Child:
Child means a person under the age of sixteen years (Section 277 of the Akwa
Ibom State Child Right law, 2008).
Child
Abuse: Child abuse means harming a child in a physical,
sexual or emotional, psychologically and neglect.
Broadcast
Campaign: The message/action transmitted by media houses in
Akwa Ibom State.
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