THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL VIOLENCE ON ELECTORAL PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA

2.0   Introduction    -     -        -        -        -        -        -        -

2.1  The Impact Of Political Violence In Nigeria  -       -

2.2     Elections and violence in okobo-      -        -        -        -       

2.3                           Major causes of 2019  election violence in okobo         -        -

2.4                           Poverty as catalyst for political violence    -        -        -

2.5                           An overview of the March 2019 general election -        -       

2.6     Pre-election violence      -        -        -        -        -        -

2.7     General election violence in okobo   -        -        -        -       

CHAPTER THREE

3.1   Research design         -           -           -           -           -           -           -

3.2                           Area of study       -        -        -        -        -        -        -

3.3                           Population of the study -        -        -        -        -        -

3.4                           Sample and sampling techniques      -        -        -        -

3.5    Method of data collection        -        -        -        -        -

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1     Data presentation          -        -        -        -        -        - 

4.2      Data analysis      -        -        -        -        -        -        -

4.3      Discussion of finding   -        -        -        -        -        -

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1                            Summary     -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -

5.2                            Conclusion -        -        -        -        -        -        -        -

5.3                            Recommendation  -        -        -        -        -        -        -          
References
Appendix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION

The politicians, in Nigeria have over the years "become more desperate and daring in taking and retaining power, more reckless and greedy in their use and abuse of power, more in tolerate of opposition criticism and power and more in tolerate of opposition criticism and efforts are replacing them".(Electoral reform committee report, 2008, vo!119).

Nigerian electoral process and governance system largely rest on the logic and practice of organized criminal enterprises, organize crime, entrepreneurs employ secrecy, co-operation, corruption and violence to promote and defend their interest and organization. Nigerian political parties and lack of transparency are embedded in the aims and strategies of Nigerian political parties and politicians (ALHM1MA, 2011).

Past elections in Nigerian was characterized by both psychological and physical violence. General violence involves the threat or use of physical force with the intention of injuring, killing and intimidating another person. One of the major benefits of democracy is that it inhabits collective violence - by providing mechanism for no-violent competition of power and resolution of conflicts.

Observation have shown that, the rate of law and respect for the courts, are however, necessary if this benefits is to realized where

citizens and government officials ignore the rule of law or destroy court orders, anarchy and violence are predicted.

Flection violence is not a new phenomenon in our country. However, most incidences often tend to be localized, short lived and restricted to polling centres and communities. But the incidences of large scale election violence of 1963 and 2019 in the western region, Oyo and Ondo state and several northern state respectively recorded large scale loss of lives and destruction of property. Base on this facts, ii has been shown that despite all the violence in that do occur in the electoral system in Nigeria many have lost fourth in the system because of the awkward act that follows the election process in Nigeria.

1.1    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Elections are considered as cardinal and indispensable in the practice of modern democracy. According to Nnoli (1990) "it is closeh¹ tied to the growth and development of democratic political order that is generally held to be the single most important indicator of the presence or absence of democratic government" Election if properly organized, devoid of rigging and all forms of electoral manipulations and malpractices confers legitimacy on the leadership that emerged from the process the political institutions, policies and programs that accompany such administration.

Election has been defined as the manner of choice agreed upon by people out of many to occupy one or a number of positions of authority (Nnoli, 2003).

Transferring power from one regime to another through ballot box. Though election, popular conduct and participation in public affairs is created in the society (Ugoh, 2004).

The current global emphasis on democratization has made election an inevitable process of leadership choices and succession, obviously, the success of every conditional democracy is traced to the integrity of electoral process while the quality of a representative government is also lived to the capacity of the state to evolve viable, transparent and trusted electoral machinery that will inspire the interest and confidences of broad spectrum of civil society and contending factions of political society (Okolie, 2003). Regrettably, election in Nigeria since political independence has been characterized by violent political that often results in socio-economic tension and unrest this has indeed remained a recurring decimal in Nigeria.

Political violence in the country has been sustained reinforced mostly by religious, ethnic and tribal diversities of Nigeria for instance, the political violence that greeted the Nigeria first and second republic which eventually led to military intervention and long spell in the country's government and politics.

This had its roots in ethnic and tribal consideration the human right watch revealed that between independence in "1960 and 1990, Nigeria produced only two elected government both later over thrown in military coup. Nigeria military ruled the country for nearly 30-40 years of independency, however in 1990, Nigeria made a transition to civilian. The 1999 election which blights by General Olusegun Obasanjo to power, were blights by such widespread fraud that

observed from carter center concluded that "it is not possible for us to make an accurate judgment about the outcome of the general election. Federal and state election in 2003 were again married by fraud as well as serious incident of political violence. Human right watch found out that members and supporters of the ruling party were responsible for the majority of abuse, through opposition parties also engaged in political violence.

Most deaths occurred where opposing bunds of armed gongs fought each other in an effort to control an area displace supporters of opposing party politician in the oil rich Niger delta mobilized and funded armed group to help Nigeria election. This led to a sustained increase in political violence and criminality in the region.

The 2019 general election process under Attahiru Jega was commended by international and domestic observers regarding major improvement in areas like voter's registration exercise accreditation and counting phase of the election. The 2019 general election raised strong domestic expectation as exemplified by high turnout rates, especially in the core Hausa/Fulani state of northern Nigeria, where women living in "kulle" (a kind of Islamic nunnery) were immobilized on religious ground to vote for General Buhari for all progressive congress (APC). Social media tools like Facebook etc. had aided in the collection/collation, analysis and dissemination of information (open society foundation 2019). However, the whole electoral process has been criticized for number of reasons intimidation and political violence. The general was married by allegations of vote buying and under age voting mostly in the northern part of the country which is the stronghold of Buhari.

Theoretically   the   study   has   potential   of contributing  greatly  to existing body of literature on elections, and political violence.

This work will provide the students of political science and political history, the needed framework for tackling the issues of political violence in the future elections. Practically, this research work will be of interest to Nigerian government, especially house committee on electoral matter, ministries, department and agencies (MDAs) like the independent electoral commission etc. the findings of this study will also provide valuable information in articulating potential policies that will help address the problem of political and electoral violence. Finally to the readers and researcher, this would make' useful contribution to any study on the same topic related on elections and political violence.

Areas recorded close to 100% vote's turnout and part of Kaduna, Kano and Adamawa state with Christian "enclave" this was greeted with widespread protest which later turn to violence in some part of northern Nigeria. (Human right watch 2019).

The Nigerian general election has come and gone but the credible election has been stained by the blood of Nigerians who lost their life in the election violence experienced mostly in northern senior west Africa researcher of human right watch "the march election were heralded as among the unfair set in Nigeria, but also among the bloodiest.

1.2    STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

What appeared to be a free credible and peaceful general election took a different coloration overnight. The causes of the election violence in 2015 general election is due poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, lack of proper education, proper political enlightenment and voter education.

There should be actual conduct of election and every less of ethnic religious factors opined by some analysis. The problem of the study are corruption of officials and electorates, violence during

campaign,   potting   and   collation,   rigging   through   the   stuffing,  snatching and destruction of ballot boxes and falsification of result and in effective electoral dispute resolution mechanism resulting in the perpetuation of a culture of fraud and violence.

1.3    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The general objective of this study is to investigate the nature
of political violence in the 2019 general election in Nigeria. While the
specific objective of the study is:                                         

1.   To determine how high rate of poverty contributes to election violence in Nigeria?

2.  To determine how high level of illiteracy contributes to electoral violence in Nigeria?

1.4    RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1.  To what extent does high rate-of poverty contribute to election violence in 2019 general election?

2.            To  what extent does high rate illiteracy contribute to election violence in 2019 general election?

3.            To what extent does high rate of unemployment contribute to
election in 2019 general election?

4.            To what extent do ethnic considerations contribute to election
violence in 2019 general election in Nigeria?

5.            To what extent do religious considerations contribute to election violence in 2019 general election?

1.5    RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

In line with our research questions and to vigorously pursue the achievement of broad objectives of the study, we have formulated the following hypothesis:

1.  The high rate of poverty did not contribute to the 2019general
election.

2.            The high rate of militancy did not contribute to the 2019 general election.

3.            The high rate of unemployment did not contribute to the 2019
general election.

4.            The high rate of ethnic considerations contributed to the 2019
general election.

5.            The high rate of religious considerations contributed to the 2019 general election violence in Nigeria.

1.6    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study has both theoretically and physical

1.7    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study covers the election and political violence Nigeria 2019 general election.

1.8    LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation of this research are the lack of sufficient fund and

material on election and political violence in Nigeria are not quite easy to source, hence reliance on magazines, journals, newspapers and similar papers.

1.9    DEFINITION OF TERMS

Election: An election is a formal decision making process by which a population chooses an individual to held public office. Election have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since 17¹¹ century. Election may full offices in the legislature, sometime in the executive and sublunary, and for regional and local government. This process is also used in many other private and business organisation, from clubs to voluntary association and corporation.

Violence: Is defined as the intentional use of physical force or power to threatened, or actual against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has high like hood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal-development or depuration, although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of the use of power in its definition expands on the conventional understanding of the word.

Democracy: democracy is a system of government by the whole

population or all eligible members of a state typically through elected

representative.

Electoral: electoral describes anything having to do with elections.

When people talk about issue of electoral reform" they are referring

to changing the way political elections work.

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