ABSTRACT
The disposal of Udara skin as waste has become a major concern that constitutes an environmental hazard for many countries because it is a major solid by-product. Dried udara peels have a high content of cellulose and hemicelluloses, which make it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. The present work aims at utilizing Udara skin for the production of ethanol and biomass using palmwine yeasts. It is also one of the measures of converting waste into useful products. The Udara peel were ground to fine powder and hydrolyzed, until almost all the cellulose are digested to glucose. The hydrolysate was neutralized with 2% NOH and filtered. Determination of reducing sugar by Anthrone reagent confirmed presence of glucose in the medium. The pH was decreased from 6.1 to 2.2 at room temperature while the titratable acidity decreased from 0.67±0.21 to 1.83±0.29 and fall in the sugar content from 18.60±00.3 to 1.42±0.00 after 11days of fermentation. The result of the experiment conducted shows that cellulose agricultural waste particularly Udara skin is a potential substrate which can be exploited in industries for bioethanol production on commercial.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page s
Titled Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table Of Contents v
List of Tables ix
List of Figures x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) 4
2.2 Cellulose 6
2.3 Cellulosic
Ethanol 6
2.4 Production of Ethanol from Cellulose 7
2.4.1 Cellulolysis
(Biological Approach) 7
2.4.2 Pretreatment 8
2.4.3 Cellulolytic Processes 9
2.4.4 Chemical Hydrolysis 10
2.4.5 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 10
2.5 Bioethanol 12
2.6 Ethanol production technologies 13
2.7 Fermentation 13
2.8 Biomass 14
2.9.0 Fermentation Parameters 16
2.9.1 Fermentation time 16
2.9.2 Effect of Ph 16
2.9
.3 Effect of Temperature 17
2.10 Palm Wine 17
2.11 Economic impact of Ethanol production 18
2.12 Environmental
impact of Bioethanol Production 19
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 21
3.1 Materials 21
3.2 Methods 21
3.2.1 Sample Preparation 21
3.2.2 Preparation of fungi inculum (Trichoderma) 21
3.2.3 Media Preparation 22
3.3 Deliquification of substrate 22
3.4 Fermentation for Ethanol production 23
3.5.0 Method of analysis 23
3.5.1 Determination of sugar content 23
3.5.2 Determination of pH 23
3.5.3 Determination of Specific Gravity 24
3.5.4 Determination of Total Solids 24
3.5.5 Determination of Titratable Acid (TTA) 25
3.5.6 Determination of Ethanol Content 26
3.5.7 Statistical Analysis 26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
RESULT 27
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 32
5.1 Discussion 32
5.2 Conclusion 34
REFERENCES 35
LIST
OF TABLE
Title
pages
Table 1: Quality
Parameter of the Fermented Udara Skin 28
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figures pages
1: Diagram
of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum
albidum)
5
2: Process
of Block diagram for making ethanol from different biomass resources 15
3: Changes
in pH During Fermentation Period 29
4: Changes
in Alcohol and biomass level during fermentation period
30
5: Changes
in sugar level during fermentation 31
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
African star apple also known as Agbalumo (Yoruba),
Udara (Igbo) in Nigeria, is associated with the dry season and has been enjoyed
over the years by Nigerians as a fruit. But more studies are supporting its
folklore use for treating diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases and drug
resistant bacteria.
The fruits are sub-spherical in shape, about 3cm in diameter, usually 5-celled
and contain an edible, sweet fruit-pulp (Ajewole and Adeyeye, 2003). This
fruits are good remedies for sore-throat, tooth-ache, constipation, and much
more. Botanically called Chrysophyllum albidum, white star apple belongs
to the Sapotaceae family. It is distributed throughout the southern part of
Nigeria. In Southwestern Nigeria, the fruit is called agbalumo and popularly
referred to as Udara in Southeastern Nigeria. Chrysophyllum albidum is a popular tropical fruit tree and widely
distributed in the low land rain forest zones and frequently found in villages.
The fleshy pulp of the fruits is eaten especially as
snack and its fruit has been found to have higher contents of ascorbic acid
than oranges and guava. It is also reported as an excellent source of vitamins,
irons, flavours to diets. The seeds are also used for local games or discarded. Chrysophyllum albidum
fruit is common in both urban and rural centers especially during the months of
December to April. The fruits are not usually harvested from the trees, but
left to drop naturally to the ground where they are picked. A
recent study by researchers at the Department of Biological Sciences, College
of Science and Technology, Covenant University Ogun State in Nigeria showed
that the local cherry fruit, African star apple (Agbalumo, Udara) lowered blood
sugar and cholesterol, and could be useful in preventing and treating heart
diseases.
The study titled, “Effects of ethanolic leaf extract
of Chrysophyllum albidum. On
biochemical and haematological (blood-related) parameters of albino Wistar
rats” was published in African Journal of Biotechnology.
Star
apples are a rich source of calcium, with each serving providing up to 10% of
the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA). This fruit also contains good amounts of
vitamins A and C (higher, in fact than levels found in oranges or guava). Star
apples are also quite rich in iron (a mineral the body needs daily). According to a
report published by the African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, the
leaves of the star apple tree and to some extent the flesh of the fruit itself,
possess some chemical nutrients which have similar properties to insulin found
in the body, and believed to effectively reduce blood sugar levels. This
property makes the leaves/fruits useful medically, for the treatment of
type-two diabetes though further research is being carried out.
Some
other traditional uses/remedies of the star apples (including fruits, leaves
and bark) include:
- Reduction
of inflammation associated with laryngitis (sore throat) and pneumonia
- Treatment
for hypertension & heart problems
- Antibacterial
properties useful in the relief of tooth abscesses, intestinal/stomach
upset, skin infection and diarrhea.
Fermentation
is a process of anaerobic or partial oxidation of carbohydrate (Awan and Okaka,
2000). Willey et al, (2011) regard it
as an energy yielding process in which an organic molecule is oxidized without
an exogenous election acceptor. A carbohydrate intermediate, usually act as the
electron donor. To industrial microbiologists, according to Awan and Okaka
(2000), it is also the growth of microorganism in very large quantities for the
production of industrially important products. Such product may include alcohol,
organic acid, amino acid, nucleic acid etc referred to as primary metabolites
are produced in the log or exponential of the growth curve other products as
antibiotics, mycotoxins, plant and
animal hormones and other medicinal have also been produced by process
of fermentation. These secondary metabolites are produced at the idiophase of the growth in Ethanol is usually produced by
yeasts and zymomonas in a process known as alcoholic fermentation (Willey et al, 2011). Common among the yeasts
involved in alcoholic fermentation
Saccharomyces cerevisae and is found to be present in local palm wine
(Ezeronye, 2004). They are responsible for conversion of sucrose in palmwine to
ethanol (Nwachukwu et al., 2006).
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, is a volatile flammable
liquid known and used by human since prehistory as the intoxicating ingredient
of alcoholic beverage (Wikipedia, 2011)
1.2 AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES
1. Production
of bioethanol from Udara skin and palmwine yeast
2. Conversion
of waste to useful products
3. Maximization
of the fermentation capability of yeast from local palmwine
4. Biomass
production from Udara skin using
palmwine yeast
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