ABSTRACT
The disposal of waste paper has become a great challenge for many countries as it constitute an environmental hazard because it is a major solid by-product. Waste paper have a high content of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, which makes it suitable as fermentation substrate when hydrolyzed. This work aims at using waste paper for the production of ethanol and biomass using acid hydrolysis treatment and palm wine yeast. The waste papers were cut into small sizes and wet milled to obtain a pulp and hydrolysed by boiling using 2M HCl for one hour until all the cellulose were digested to glucose. The hydrolysate was filtered and neutralized with 0.1% of NaOH and filtered again. Determination of reducing sugar by Fehling’s reagent confirmed the presence of glucose in the medium. 13° Brix sugar (1.0579 S.G) produced from the hydrolysis was optimized to 27° Brix sugar (1.1159 S.G) with 150g of sugar and fermented to ethanol using yeast from local palm wine by batch fermentation at room temperature. The pH range was between 3.6 -5.8 at temperature of 28°C and 30°C, producing biomass of 0.12-1.89 with an increase in titratable acidity from 0.33-2.80 and fall in the sugar content from 21.23-2.58, after 7 days of fermentation. 92% ethanol was obtained after distillation. Further distillation of the sample could produce a higher percentage of ethanol. The result obtained from the experiment conducted shows that cellulosic materials particularly waste paper represents a significant source for bioethanol production in industrial scale as they are abundantly available and cheap.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgments iv
Table of contents v
List of tables ix
List of figures
x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aims
and Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review 3
2.1
Waste Paper 3
2.2
Wastepaper Composition 3
2.3
Bioethanol 4
2.3.1
Production of Bioethanol 5
2.3.2
Production Technologies of Ethanol 6
2.4
Pretreatment 7
2.4.1
Physical Pretreatment 7
2.4.2
Chemical Pretreatment 8
2.5
Hydrolysis 10
2.5.1 Acid Hydrolysis 10
2.5.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 11
2.6 Microbial
Fermentation 13
2.7 Microorganisms
Involved In Ethanol Production 13
2.7 Palm
Wine Yeasts 14
2.8 Fermentation
Parameters 16
2.8.1 Effect
of Fermentation Time on the biomass and
alcohol production 16
2.8.2 Effect
of Temperature 16
2.8.3 Effect
of pH 17
2.3.4 Sugar
Concentration 17
2.9 Alcohol
Tolerance 17
2.10 Biomass 18
2.11 Economic
Importance of Ethanol Production 19
2.12
Ethanol as Fuel 20
2.13 Benefits
of Bioethanol 20
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods
3.1 Materials 22
3.2 Methods 22
3.2.1 Processing
of Wastepaper
3.2.2 Hydrolysis
of Wastepaper 22
3.2.3 Determination
of Reducing Sugar 23
3.2.4 Determination
of Specific Gravity 23
3.2.5 Determination
of Titratable Acidity 24
3.2.6 Glucose
Optimization 24
3.2.7 Sterilization
of Materials and Equipment 25
3.2.8 Media
Preparation 25
3.2.9 Yeast
Isolation and Fermentation 25
3.2.10 Measurement
of Parameters 26
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Results 28
CHAPTER
FIVE
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Discussion 38
5.2 Conclusion 41
5.3 Recommendation 41
References 42
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1:
Changes in physical, chemical and quantity parameters during
the fermentation period. 29
2:
Quality test on produced Alcohol 29
LIST
OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1: Schematic of pretreatment
procedure for waste paper 9
2: Overall process of Ethanol
Production from Waste
Paper by Chemical (acid)
hydrolysis 12
3: Concentration of Biomass during
Fermentation period 31
4: Concentration of Glucose (Brix
Contents) during Fermentation
period 32
5: Titratable Acidity during
Fermentation period 33
6: Alcohol Content during
Fermentation Period 34
7:
Change in Temperature during
Fermentation Period 35
8: Change in pH during Fermentation
Period 36
9: Change in specific Gravity during
Fermentation Period 37
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Ethanol is nowadays an important
product in the fuel market. Its market grew from less than a billion liters in
1975 to more than 39 billion liter in 2006 and is expected to reach 100 billion
liters in 2015 (Licht, 2006). Less than 4% of the ethanol is produced
synthetically from oil, while the rest is produced by fermentation from bio-resources.
Ethanol is now produced from two major groups of bio-resources; sugar
substances and starchy materials.
Ethanol is usually produced by yeasts
and Zymomonas in a process known as
alcoholic fermentation (Willey et al,
2011). Common among the yeast involved in alcoholic fermentation is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is found to
be present in Local palm-wine (Ezeronye, 2000). They are responsible for
conversion of sucrose in palm-wine to ethanol (Nwachukwu et al; 2006).
The microbial production of ethanol
from cellulosic materials has become an important source of valuable fuel
particularly in regions of the world that have abundant supply of plant
residues (Insu et al., 2010) and
provides little environmental hazard than synthetic production. Agricultural
waste like coffee husk, orange peels, yam tubers, cassava peels, pineapple
peels, corn, sugar cane molasses, bagasse, rice straw, saw mills residue,
peanut shells, cocoa pods as well as waste paper, have been found to be rich in
cellulose and can be utilized in production of ethanol ( Reed, 2004).
In other words, this does not only
result to conversion of waste to useful product, but also incorporates
environmental clean-up and maximization of microbial proficiencies. Okonkwo et al, (2006) refers to this approach as
utilization of food waste for sustainable development.
Lignocellulosic materials are
renewable, large unused and abundantly available sources of raw material for
the production of fuel ethanol. Lignocellulosic materials can be obtain at low
coat from a variety of resources, e.g forest residues, municipal solid waste, waste
paper and crop residue resources (Wyman,
2004). These materials contain sugars polymerized in form of cellulose and
hemicellulose, which can be liberated by hydrolysis and subsequently fermented
to ethanol by microorganisms. (Millati, et
al., 2002; Palmqvist and Hahn- Hagër , 2000).
1.2 AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES
·
Production of ethanol
from cellulosic material (waste paper)
·
Production of biomass
from waste paper using palm wine yeast
·
Conversion of waste to
useful products.
·
Reduction of
environmental pollution.
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