ABSTRACT
This
study explores the production of bioethanol from banana peels using palm wine
yeasts, aiming to convert waste materials into valuable products while
monitoring the rate at which the yeast utilizes available sugars. The banana
peels were sourced from Ndoro market and pre-treated by drying, milling, and
sieving. Aspergillus niger, responsible for enzyme hydrolysis, was obtained
from CESLAB Analytical Services, while Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was
isolated from palm wine.
In
the production process, banana peels underwent hydrolysis with the enzyme
amylase produced by A. niger, which efficiently converted the cellulose in the
peels into fermentable sugars. The fermentation was conducted using S.
cerevisiae, with ethanol being produced as the primary by-product, accompanied
by carbon dioxide (CO2). The setup was observed for signs of fermentation, such
as the presence of bubbles and changes in pH and specific gravity.
Throughout
the fermentation process, several analyses were conducted. The pH of the fermenting
medium decreased from 6.60 to 2.61, while the titratable acidity increased from
0.12% to 1.44%, indicating active fermentation. Specific gravity, a measure of
relative density, dropped from 1.22 g/cm³ to 0.91 g/cm³, suggesting the yeast's
metabolic activity and sugar consumption. Additionally, the temperature of the
medium fluctuated, but remained within a range conducive to yeast enzymatic
activity. Biomass formation increased steadily, reaching a peak of 1.41 g/L by
the end of the fermentation process.
The
ethanol produced was distilled and its purity tested by measuring its boiling
point and specific gravity. The results confirmed successful bioethanol
production, aligning with previous studies on the fermentation of agricultural
waste. The findings demonstrate the potential of banana peels as a sustainable
source for bioethanol production, highlighting the economic and environmental
benefits of converting organic waste into biofuels. This study contributes to
the growing body of research on alternative bioethanol sources and underscores
the viability of using palm wine yeasts for efficient fermentation.
Conclusively,
the bioethanol production process from banana peels using palm wine yeast can
be considered an effective method for waste utilization and energy production,
offering an eco-friendly approach to managing agricultural waste.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aim and Objectives
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Banana
2.2 Bioethanol
2.3 Lignocellulosic
Sources and Composition
2.4 Lignocellulosic
Biomass Composition
2.5 Pathways of Bioethanol Production from
Cellulosic Feed Stocks
2.4.1
Pretreatment Overview
2.4.2. Hydrolysis
2.4.3
Fermentation
2.4.4 Separation/Distillation
2.5 Palm Wine Yeast
2.6 Fermentation Parameters
2.6.1 Effect of Fermentation Time.
2.6.2 Effect of PH
2.6.3 Effect
of Sugar Concentration.
2.6.4
Effect of Temperature
2.6.5 Alcohol
Tolerance
2.7
Advantages of Bioethanol
2.8 Disadvantages of Bioethanol
CHAPTER
THREE
MATERIALS
AND METHOD
3.1 Materials
3.2 Methods
3.2.1 Pretreatment
3.2.2 Medium
Preparation
3.2.3 Production of Enzyme for Hydrolysis.
3.3 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Banana Peel
3.4 Glucose Optimization
3.5 Yeast Isolation
3.6 Fermentation and Ethanol Production
3.7 Method
of Analysis
3.7.1 Determination
of PH
3.7.2 Determination of Temperature.
3.7.3 Determination of Specific Gravity.
3.7.4 Determination of Total Solid
3.7.5 Determination of Sugar Content
3.7.6 Determination of Titratable Acidity (TTA)
3.7.7 Biomass Formation
3.7.8 Ethanol Content Determination
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Changes in physical, chemical and
quality parameters during fermentation period.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Lignocellulose substrate conversion
steps for ethanol and coproducts generation
Figure
2: Change in pH withdays of fermentation.
Figure
3: Change in Titratable acidity
with days of fermentation.
Figure
4: Change in Temperature with
days of fermentation.
Figure
5: Change in Specific gravity
with days of fermentation.
Figure
6: Change in Total solid with
days of fermentation.
Figure
7: Change in Sugar concentration
with days of fermentation.
Figure
8: Change in Biomass with day of
fermentation.
Figure 9: Change
in Alcohol concentration with days of fermentation.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The world reliance on fossil fuel for
transport is unsustainable. In addition, fossil fuels are the main reason for
global warming, a process that practically all climate scientists say we haven’t
possibilities to deal with not soon, not tomorrow, but now. One of the most
promising alternate source of energy is bioethanol. Bioenergy represents the
utilization of biomass as starting material for the production of sustainable
fuels and chemicals. Ethanol has long been considered as a suitable alternative
to fossil fuel s either as a sole fuel
in cars with dedicated engines or as an additive in fuel blends with no engine
modification requirement when mixed up
to 30% . Today, bioethanol is the most dominant biofuel and its global
production showed upward trend over the last 25 years with a sharp increase
from 2000 .Sugar and starch based materials such as sugarcane and grains are 2
groups of raw materials currently used as the main resources for ethanol
production. The 3rd group is lignocellulosic materials representing
the most viable option for production of ethanol. Growing demand for human
society could make the first 2 groups of raw materials potentially less
competitive and perhaps expensive feed stock in the near future compare to
lignocellulosic material. The bio-fuels to be considered as relevant
technologies by both developing and industrialized countries are due to a
number of factors, including energy security reason, environmental concerns,
foreign exchange savings and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. Increasing
use of biofuels for energy generation purposes is of particular interest nowadays
because they allow mitigation of green house gases, provide means of energy
independence and may even after new employment possibilities. Biofuels are
non-toxic, biodegradable and free of sulfur and carcinogenic compound like
benzene .Biofuels are being investigated as potential substitute for current
high pollutant obtained conventional sources. Biofuels are liquid or gaseous
fuels made from plant matter and residues, such as agricultural crops, municipal waste and Agricultural and
forestry by- product.
Bioethanol as an alternative source of
energy as received special attention worldwide due to depletion of fossil fuel
In, India sugar cane molasses is the main raw material for ethanol production.
But the short supply and increased cost is the main hindrance for its use. The
cellulosic materials are cheaper and available in plenty but their conversion
to ethanol involves many steps and is therefore expensive .Under such circumstances
a novel approach is essential to use renewable substrates such as fruit waste. Banana
is one of major constitute the principal food resources in the world and occupy
the fourth world rank of the most significant food stuffs after rice, corn and
milk .Most of the fruit peels /residues
are dried, ground, pelletized and sold to the feed manufacturers at allow
price which is not considered a highly
viable proposition .As per the FAO statistics , India is the largest producer
of banana in the world and account for nearly 30-40% of the total fruit weight
(Emaga et al.,2008) and contains
carbohydrates, proteins and fiber in significant amounts .Banana peels are
readily available agricultural waste that is under utilized as potential growth
medium for yeast stain, despite their rich carbohydrate content and other basic
nutrients that can support yeast growth (Brooks,2008; Essien et al., 2005; Hueth and Melkonyan, 2004).Since
banana peels contain lignin in low quantities(Hammond et al.,1996). It could serve as a good substrate for production of value-added
product like ethanol.
In order to make the fermentation method
cost effective and to meet the great demand for ethanol, research studies are
now being directed in two areas namely, the production of ethanol from cheaper
raw materials and the study of new microorganism or yeast strains efficient in
ethanol production (Pandy et al.,
2000; Akin-Osanaiye et al., 2008). In
this respect, in expensive raw materials such as agricultural wastes, fruit
wastes, vegetable wastes, municipal wastes and industrial wastes can be use to
produce ethanol cheaply (Akin-Osanaiye et
al., 2008; Park and Barratti,1991; Schugerl, 1994; Joshi et al., 2001 ). Increased yield of
ethanol production by microbial fermentation depends on the use of ideal
microbial strain appropriate fermentation substrate and suitable process
technology.
An ideal microorganism used for ethanol
production must have rapid fermentative potential, improved flocculating
ability, appropriate osmotolerant , enhanced
tolerance (Benitez et al., 1983 ; Diwanya
et al.,1992). In most of these
studies the preferred candidate for industrial production of ethanol has been Saccharomyces cerevisiae .Yeasts also
has the ability to produce ethanol which is not contaminated by other products
from the substrate ( Jones et al.,
1981).
The production of industrial and fuel
ethanol from starchy biomass commonly involves a three step process (Laluce and
Matton 1984): (i) Liquifaction of starch by an edoamylase such as amylase; (ii)
enzymatic saccharification of the low molecular weight liquefaction products
(dextrins) to produce glucose and (iii) fermentation of glucose to ethanol
.Commercial amylases (frequently those produced by Aspergillus species)are used for liquefaction and saccharification
of starch and represent a significant expense in the production of fuel alcohol
from starchy materials. Fruits are highly perishable products, currently most
of the perishable fruits are lost during their journey through the agriculture
food chain, due to spoilage, physiological decay, water loss, mechanical damage
during harvesting and packaging, so resent years effort have been directed
towards the utilization of cheap and renewable agricultural sources such as
banana peel waste as an alternative substrate for production of alternative
biofuel like ethanol.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Ø To
produce ethanol from banana peel.
Ø To
convert waste to useful product.
Ø To
monitor the rate at which palmwine yeasts utilizes the available sugar present
in banana peels to produce alcohol.
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