PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL AND BIOMASS FROM GROUNDNUT SHELLS USING PALMWINE YEAST

ABSTRACT

Palmwine yeast was used to ferment groundnut shell for the production of ethanol and yeast biomass. Palmwine yeast was isolated, characterised and identifed as saccharomyces cerevisiae and was used to ferment must (liqour) from ground groundnut shell. During the eleven days of fermentation, the pHof the fermenting must decreased from 6.03 to 3.07 while the titratable acidity increased from 0.58% to 1.337%. Specific gravity decreased from 1.236g/cm3to 1,020g/cm3 as the total solid decreased from 19.48% to 5.89%. Sugar content reduced from 21.11 % to 5.89% (w/v) on the 24 hours fermentation, to an average concentration of 11.46% (w/v) at the end of the eleven days fermentation period. A total alcohol content of 11.46% was produced at the end of fermentation time while the increase over time was from 0.47% on day one. Yeast biomass production at the end of the fermentation was an average of 3.88g/L but showed progressive increase from 0.31g/L (24hours) to 3.88g/L (11 days). The values obtained for all the test parameters showed significant different with increased fermentation time. The ethanol and biomass yields were considered to be low however the potential of the groundnut shell as raw material for ethanol and biomass production was acknowleged. The need for futher trials specifically aimed at optimizing condition for optimum production was recommended. Ethanol and yeast biomass were produced from fermentation of groundnut shell using palmwine yeast. Result obtained show decreases in the pH, total solids, sugar content and specific gravity while titratable acidity, alcohol and yeast biomass increased. The feasibilityand success of ethanol and yeast biomass production from groundnut shell was acknoledged while the need for optimization of conditions for optimum yield of both ethanol and yeast biomass.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

             Cover page                                                                             i

  Title page                                                                              i i

            Certification                                                                            iii

            Dedication                                                                               iv

            Acknowledgements                                                                v

            Table of contents                                                                    vi

            List of tables                                                                            ix

            List of figures                                                                         x

            Abstract                                                                                   xi 

            CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                            1      

1.1        Statement of the problem                                                       2

1.2       Scope of study                                                                        3

1.3       Statement of objectives                                                          3

            CHAPTER TWO       

2.0       Literation review                                                                    5

2.1       Ethanol                                                                                    5

2.2       Ethanol and its characteristics                                                6

2.3       Biomass                                                                                  6

2.4       Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)         8

2.5       Solid state fermentation                                                         8

2.6       Separate hydrolysis and fermentation                                    9

2.6.1    Acid hydrolysis                                                                      10

2.6.2    Enzymatic hydrolysis                                                             11

2.7       Biological pretreamen                                                             12

2.8       Consolidated bioprocessing                                                     13

2.9       Microorganisms for ethanol production                                   15

2.10     Future prospects of bioethanol                                               16           

2.11    Groundnut shell                                                                      16

             CHAPTER THREE

3. 1      Materials                                                                                  17

3.2       Sample and preparation                                                         17

3.2.1    Preparation of groundnut shell                                               17

3.2.2    Medium preparation                                                                17

3.3.      Determination of sugar content of groundnut shell powder    18

3.4       Isolation of palm wine yeast                                                      19

3.4.1    Purification of yeast isolates                                                     19

3.4.2    Characterization of yeast isolates                                             19

3.4.3    Colony features                                                                        20  

3.4.4    Glucose fermentation tests                                                       20

3.5       Determination of pH                                                                  20

3.6       Determination of titratable acidity                                            20

3.7        Determination of total solids                                                     21

3.8        Determination of specific gravity                                             2 1

3.9        Determination of alcohol                                                          22

            CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       Result                                                                                        24

            CHAPTER FIVE

5.1       Discussion                                                                                30

5.2       Conclusion                                                                              31

5.3       Recommendation                                                                     32

LIST OF TABLES

         S/N                                     Title                                     Page

         4.0      Changes in physical, chemical and quantity parameter during fermentation    22     

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures                 Title                                          Pages         

1                          Change in pH, specific gravity, titratable acidity and total solid during      24

                           fermentation of groundnut shell

2                Change in sugar content during fermtation of groundnut shell                              25

 3                 Change in alcohol during fermentation of groundnut shell                                   26

 4                 Change in Biomass during fermentation of groundnut shell.                                27

CHAPTER ONE

        INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Ethanol is produced from palmwine by fermentation process (Harris 1963). Fermentation is one of the oldest processes known to man, and it is used in making a variety of products including foods, flavorings, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals. Ethanol is made from a variety of products such as grain, molasses, fruit, cobs, and shell; its production, excluding that of beverages, has been declining since the 1930s because of the low cost (Othman 1981). In 1975, only 76×106 L of proof industrial ethanol was produced by fermentation compared to 7.95×106 L by synthesis. The production of industrial chemicals will enhance the economic progress of any nation. Ethanol, one of the important industrial chemicals, can be produced extensively from biomass such as maize cob and groundnut shell. The main constituents of this class of crop by-product are cellulose (Chang, et al. 1981) and hemicelluloses, making them lignocelluloses (Cowling 1976) that can be excellent energy sources.The standard of living of the people of any country is considered to be directly proportional to the energy consumption of its people (Peter & Gbenga, 2007). The disparity one feels from country to country arises from the extent of accessible energy for the citizens of each country. The rapid growth of industries and technological advancement in the world call for development in the chemical sector.

Fossil fuels particularly oil, coal and natural gas have been providing over 90 % of world‘s energy demands mainly because they are readily available and convenient to use (Ashish & Mohapatra 2013). The geographical non equi-distribution of this source and also the ability to acquire, control the production and supply of this energy source have given rise to many issues and also disparity in the standard of living. Upon this these resources are not renewable and will eventually deplete (Ganesan & Elango 2013), the readily accessible reserves may well get exhausted by 2030 (Helma 2013, Tan et. al., 2014).

The enormous advantages of ethanol and other biofuels have geared researches towards the production of biofuel from various renewable organic raw materials like corn, cassava, palm oil etc. However, in an attempt to save the food chain and to reduce the inflation of food prices caused by biofuels from agricultural feed, researches are being directed to the production of biofuels from agricultural waste e.g. lignocelluloses like sugar cane baggase, palm bunch etc., which constitutes approximately 50 % of land produced biomass (Ganesan & Elango 2013, Thallada et al., 2011). It is estimated that ethanol produced from the world‘s agriwaste and forest residues could replace 32 % of global petrol consumption (Leland, 2005). Thus, implementation of efficient bioethanol production from lignocellulose can be a breakthrough in the fuel market or world‘s energy portfolio (Piotr et al., 2007; Leland, 2005).

 Currently, there are not many biomasses to ethanol plants in commercial operation in Nigeria, thus, the real or perceived risks will only be addressed when several plants are in successful operation. As the technology matures, however, producing ethanol from lignocellulosic wastes will become more competitive with other means

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The practice of mechanized farming has led to extensive discharge of agricultural wastes that have had negative effects on the environment.  The utilization of such wastes has been a source of concern to many researchers (Oyenuga 1959; Akpan 1999; Amosun 2000). Therefore, this work was designed to look into the possibility of converting some of such byproducts into industrial chemicals of economic importance. Ethanol is one such chemical. It is used as a solvent for chemicals. Ethanol is used as an intermediate in the production of liquid detergents. It is also used in the manufacture of drugs, plastics, polishes, plasticizers, perfumes, cosmetics, rubbers, accelerators, and cellulose nitrate. It is further used as an anti-freeze. Ethanol produced from regenerable sources is an attractive petrochemical feedstock in petroleum for poor countries (Gordon, et al. 1979). The various uses of ethanol and the importance of ridding the environment of the harmful effects of these agricultural byproducts (biomass) underscore the significance of this project work.

1.3 Scope of study

For the cause of this research, the chosen cellulosic biomass for the production of ethanol from cellulose is groundnut shell. The extraction will be done by acid hydrolysis of sawdust to break it down to simple sugars and consequently fermentation of product in the presence of enzymes. Problems encountered in the course of the experiment will be noted, results will be compared to data of extraction of ethanol from the same mass of starch.

1.4 Statement of objectives

The objectives of this project are to:

1. Find out and describe ethanol production . Find out the use of ethanol production from waste products that are cellulosic e.g. groundnut shell.

2. Comparing cellulosic ethanol in technical and economic impact.  Production (experiment) of ethanol from cellulosic biomass (groundnut), Comparing the economics of the production and yield of ethanol using separate hydrolysis and fermentation and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.

3. To produce biomass from groundnut shells using palmwine yeast.

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