Abstract
Umbilical cord care is a critical aspect of neonatal health, significantly influencing the prevention of infections and other complications in newborns. This study assessed the umbilical cord care practices among nursing mothers in Durbunde Community, Takai Local Government, Kano State. A total of 101 nursing mothers with infants aged 0-6 months were selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. The research employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, with data collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed a diverse range of umbilical cord care practices, with many mothers relying on traditional methods influenced by cultural beliefs and a lack of formal education on proper cord care. Factors such as maternal education, access to healthcare services, and socio-economic status were identified as significant determinants of the practices adopted. While some mothers adhered to recommended practices, others used substances such as herbs and oils, posing risks of infection. The study underscores the need for targeted health education programs to promote evidence-based umbilical cord care practices in rural communities. By addressing gaps in knowledge and access to healthcare, interventions can enhance neonatal health outcomes and reduce the risks associated with harmful practices. The findings provide valuable insights for healthcare policymakers and practitioners working to improve neonatal care in underserved areas.
Table of Contents
Title Page......................................................................................................................................... i
Declaration...................................................................................................................................... i
Approval Page.............................................................................................................................. iii
Dedication..................................................................................................................................... iv
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................... v
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ ix
Chapter One.................................................................................................................................. 1
1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background of the study......................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the
research problem....................................................................................... 2
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study.......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Research Questions................................................................................................................. 3
1.5 Significance of the study......................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the study...................................................................................... 4
1.7 Operational
Definition of terms............................................................................................ 4
1.8 Definition of Abbreviations.................................................................................................... 4
Chapter Two.................................................................................................................................. 5
2.0 Literature Review.................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Importance of
proper umbilical cord care.......................................................................... 8
2.3 Common umbilical cord care practices................................................................................. 9
2.4 Factors Influencing Umbilical cord care practices............................................................ 10
2.5 Sociocultural Factors............................................................................................................ 12
2.6 Traditional and Modern Umbilical cord care practices.................................................... 12
2.7 Educational and Economic Factors..................................................................................... 13
2.8 Health Care Accessibilty....................................................................................................... 14
2.9 Health Education and Intervention Programs................................................................... 15
2.10 Gaps in Existing research................................................................................................... 15
2.11 Theoretical Frameworks In Umbilical cord care
studies...........................
Chapter Three............................................................................................................................. 18
Research Methodology................................................................................................................ 18
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Research Design..................................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Study Area............................................................................................................................. 18
3.4 Study Population................................................................................................................... 18
3.5 Sample Size Determination.................................................................................................. 19
3.6 Sample Size............................................................................................................................ 19
3.7 Sample Techniques................................................................................................................ 19
3.8 Research Instruments .,……………………………………………………………………..
3.9 Validity and Reliability of Research Instruments
…………………………………………
3.10 Data Collection Procedures ………………………………………………………………..
3.11 Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………
3.12 Scope and Delimitation of the study
…………………………………………………….
Chapter Four............................................................................................................................... 20
4.0 Data Presentation and Interpretation................................................................................. 20
4.1 Demographic characteristics of the Respondent................................................................ 20
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions........................................................................................... 20
Chapter Five................................................................................................................................ 27
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation.................................................................... 27
5.1 Discussion of Finding............................................................................................................ 27
5.2 Summary................................................................................................................................ 28
5.3 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................. 28
5.4 Recommendations................................................................................................................. 28
5.5 References.............................................................................................................................. 29
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the
Study
The care of the umbilical cord in neonates is a
critical component of newborn care that significantly impacts infant health
outcomes. Proper umbilical cord care practices help prevent infections,
particularly neonatal sepsis, which can lead to serious health complications
and even death. In many developing countries, including Nigeria, neonatal
infections contribute significantly to high infant mortality rates, making
effective cord care a public health priority (World Health Organization, 2023).
The umbilical cord, which is the lifeline connecting the fetus to the placenta,
requires careful management after birth to ensure the health and safety of the
newborn. Inadequate care of the umbilical stump can lead to infection, which
may manifest as omphalitis—a life-threatening condition characterized by
redness, swelling, and pus formation around the umbilical stump (Blencowe et
al., 2018).
In rural communities such as Durbunde in Takai Local
Government Area of Kano State, traditional practices often influence maternal
and neonatal care, including umbilical cord management. While modern healthcare
recommendations emphasize the use of sterile materials and clean practices,
cultural norms and beliefs may promote the application of local herbs, oils,
and other substances to the umbilical stump (Ogunlesi & Ogunfowora, 2010).
Such practices can increase the risk of infections if not carefully monitored.
This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nursing
mothers in Durbunde regarding umbilical cord care, identifying gaps in current
practices and the need for effective health education.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
Neonatal infections, particularly those stemming from
improper umbilical cord care, remain a significant cause of morbidity and
mortality among infants in rural Nigeria (WHO, 2023). Despite various health
interventions, reports have shown that many mothers in rural areas continue to
rely on traditional and sometimes unhygienic methods for cord care, posing
risks to their newborns (Imdad et al., 2013). In Durbunde, Takai Local
Government, these practices are influenced by socio-cultural beliefs, low
educational levels, and limited access to modern healthcare facilities.
The persistence of high neonatal infection rates
suggests that existing health interventions may not sufficiently address the
specific needs and practices of rural communities. This research seeks to
understand the factors influencing umbilical cord care practices among nursing
mothers in Durbunde and to identify strategies for improving neonatal health
outcomes. The findings will provide insights into how to align healthcare
education and interventions with local realities, ensuring safer practices and
better neonatal health.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of
the Study
Aim: The primary aim of
this study is to assess the umbilical cord care practices among nursing mothers
in Durbunde Community, Takai Local Government Area, Kano State, to identify
factors influencing these practices and suggest strategies for improvement.
Objectives:
1.
To examine the level of knowledge among
nursing mothers in Durbunde regarding proper umbilical cord care.
2.
To identify common practices used by nursing
mothers for umbilical cord care in the study area.
3.
To evaluate the factors influencing the
choice of umbilical cord care practices among nursing mothers in Durbunde.
4.
To assess the impact of socio-cultural
beliefs on the cord care practices in the community.
1.4 Research Questions
- What
is umbilical cord care?
- What
are the common umbilical cord care practices utilized by nursing mothers
in Durbunde?
- What
are the uses of chlorihezidine gel 4%?
- How
you take care of umbilical cord after birth?
1.5 Justification/Significance
of the Study
The study is significant because neonatal health is a
critical aspect of child survival, and improper umbilical cord care is a known
contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality. Understanding the current
practices and knowledge gaps among nursing mothers in Durbunde will help
healthcare professionals tailor health education and interventions to the
community's specific needs. By providing data on the factors influencing these
practices, this study will aid in the development of culturally sensitive
strategies to promote safe and effective cord care. The findings may also
contribute to national and regional health policies aimed at reducing neonatal
mortality through improved maternal and child healthcare (Bhutta et al., 2014).
Moreover, this research
will provide baseline data for future studies on neonatal care in rural
communities, enhancing the understanding of how traditional practices can be
integrated or adjusted to align with modern health standards. The study’s insights
could also inform public health campaigns, training programs for healthcare
workers, and policy formulation targeting neonatal health improvements in
similar rural settings.
1.6 Scope and
Delimitation of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to the assessment
of umbilical cord care practices for babies (neonates) among nursing mothers in
Durbunde, Takai Local Government Area of Kano State. It focuses on the
knowledge, practices, and factors influencing umbilical cord care among mothers
who have given birth within the last 12 months. The study will not cover other
aspects of neonatal care beyond umbilical cord management, nor will it include
nursing mothers residing outside the Durbunde community.
The delimitation of the study is based on the need to
concentrate on a specific demographic to obtain accurate and relevant data
concerning umbilical cord care practices in a rural setting. The findings are
therefore not generalizable to urban populations or regions with different
socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. Additionally, the study is limited to
self-reported data from participants, which may introduce response bias.
1.7 Operational
Definition of Terms
1.
Neonate: A newborn baby, particularly in
the first 28 days of life.
2.
Umbilical Cord: A flexible tube that
connects the fetus to the placenta, supplying nutrients and oxygen during
pregnancy.
3.
Cord Care: The set of practices involved
in caring for the umbilical cord stump after birth until it falls off.
4.
Omphalitis: An infection of the umbilical
stump, characterized by redness, swelling, and discharge.
5.
Sepsis: A life-threatening condition
caused by the body's response to an infection, often involving multiple organs.
6.
Traditional Medicine: Health practices
based on cultural beliefs and local knowledge, often using herbal or natural
remedies.
7.
Sterile Materials: Items that are free
from bacteria or other living microorganisms, used to prevent infections.
8.
Neonatal Mortality: The death of infants
within the first 28 days of life.
9.
Antiseptic: A substance that prevents the
growth of disease-causing microorganisms, used in cleaning wounds.
10.
Postnatal Care: The care provided to the
mother and her newborn baby immediately after birth and during the subsequent
weeks.
1.8 Definition of Abbreviations
1.
WHO - World Health Organization
2.
UNICEF - United Nations International
Children's Emergency Fund
3.
PHC - Primary Health Care
4.
MMR - Maternal Mortality Rate
5.
IMR - Infant Mortality Rate
6.
ANC - Antenatal Care
7.
CHW - Community Health Worker
8.
CDC - Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
9.
NGO - Non-Governmental Organization
10.
MDGs - Millennium Development Goals
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