ABSTRACT
This project examined Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers In Aba South Local Government Area of Abia State. A sample size of 348 was calculated. The technique for analyzing the data collected for this research was descriptive statistics using frequency and percentage. The result of the analysis showed that less than half (38.2%) of the respondents were between the age of 32-40 years. Over half (61.8%) had up to tertiary education. The study showed good nutrition knowledge scores with the cumulative percentage of (71.2%) and 28.8% low nutrition knowledge. The result showed that 63.2% of the respondent initiated breastfeeding between 1-24 hours after delivery. Over half (64.4%) of the respondents knew about EBF through Ante-natal clinics/hospital. Few (34.5%) of the respondents were of the opinion that the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for babies is that he/she grows healthily. Over half (60.1%) of the respondents said that the nursing mothers do not need to empty one breast before giving the other. this work therefore concludes that Exclusive breast feeding (EBF) has important protective effects on the survival of infants, but mother do not practice EBF due to inadequate time to breastfeed baby because of work load. This study recommends increased awareness on the use of water in a jar to store extracted breast milk for a longer time if there is no electricity supply as a coping strategy when mothers are not available to breast feed babies.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Tile
Page i
Certification
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Table of
content v
Lists of
tables vi
Abstract
vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Objective of the Study 5
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Breasting Feeding 7
2.2 Nutritional Qualities of Human Milk 8
2.3.1 Colostrum 9
2.3.2 Carbohydrate 9
2.3.3 Protein 10
2.3.4 Fat 10
2.3.5 Water 11
2.3.6 Immunoglobulin’s 11
2.3.7 Vitamins and Minerals 11
2.4 Benefits of
Exclusive Breastfeeding to Mothers 12
2.5 Benefits of
Exclusive Breastfeeding to Infants 13
2.6 Ten Steps To Successful Breastfeeding 14
2.7 Factors
Influencing the Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers 16
2.7.1 Mother’s Educational
Statues 16
2.7.2
Occupation/Employment 17
2.7.3 Antenatal
Care 18
2.7.4 Economics
Status 18
2.7.5 Marital
Status 18
2.7.6. Previous
Experience in breastfeeding 19
2.7.7 Multiple births 19
2.7.8 Support from
family and friends 20
2.7.9 Cultural
practices 20
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design 22
3.2 Research Area of Study 22
3.3 Population of the Study 22
3.4 Sample Size 23
3.5 Sample Technique 24
3.6 Study instrument 24
3.7 Validity and reliability of measurements
of data 25
3.8 Data collection 25
3.9
Statistical Analysis 26
3.10 Ethical Approval 26
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
4.1 Socio-economic and demographic characteristics 27
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 37
5.2 Recommendation
37
5.3
contribution to knowledge 37
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1
38
APPENDIX II
47
APPENDIX III
48
APPENDIX IV
49
APPENDIX V
50
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4.1: Socio-Economic
Characteristics 29
TABLE 4.2a Level of knowledge of the respondents 30
TABLE
4.2b: Knowledge of Exclusive
Breastfeeding 30
TABLE 4.3: Attitude and Practices towards Exclusive Breastfeeding 33
Table 4.4: Constraints and Solutions to Improve Exclusive Breastfeeding among
Mothers in Aba South L.G.A of Abia State 35
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Exclusive
breastfeeding is a practice where the infant receives only breast milk and not
even water, other liquids tea, herbal preparation or food during the first six
months of life with the expectation of vitamins, minerals supplement or medicine. Nkala and Msuya (2011), defined it as a means
where infants receive only breast milk, with no other
liquid or solid (not even water) with the exception of oral rehydration solution or
drops/ syrups of vitamins, minerals or medicines WHO (2011), pointed that
Childhood nutrition is essential for healthy growth and development of a child
in to adult life. Sadoh et al.,
(2011), pointed that breastfeeding is less stressful because it requires no
cleaning of plates or bottles , no heating of feeding bottle, no modification of milk formula, it is cheaper and easier to produce,
readily available and at the right temperature.
According
to United Nation Children Fund (2012), it has been estimated that 1.3 million
death could be prevented and most of childhood illness can be eliminated each
year if babies were exclusively breastfed for the first six months of life. The
breast milk contains numerous substances such as water, protein, fat,
carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and colostrum which provides protective
antibodies that boost the infant immune system. Exclusive breastfeeding
according to (Ukaegbu et al, 2013 and
Ezenwa et al., 2016), is a family
concept which has not yet gained wide acceptance due to ignorance, cultural
beliefs and doubts about the ability of breast milk alone to satisfy the
nutritional and hydration needs of the infants in hot tropical environment.
Breastfeeding helps in strengthening the mother child bond, it does not only
help in making the mother child relationship more intimate but also help infant
to fight diseases. This is because breast milk carries antibodies from the
mother that helps combat diseases. According to Hanson La (2004), it protect
infant against infections and chronic diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding reduce
infant mortality rate due to common childhood illness such as diarrhea,
pneumonia and helps for a quicker recovery during illness WHO (2002). It also
stimulates an infant’s immune system and responses to vaccination.
Breastfeeding is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and
survival.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Malnutrition
is still high and life threatening, particularly affecting the poor, babies and
children under 5 years of age (Essien et
al., 2009). According to Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey NDHS
(2018), exclusive breastfeeding among children age
0-6months has increased since 2013, from 17% to 29%. The median duration of any breastfeeding increased slightly
from 18.3 months in 2013 to 18.5 months in 2018, while the median duration of
predominant breastfeeding increased from 4.4 months to 4.9 months in 2018. The
mean duration of exclusive breastfeeding increased from 1.8 months to 2.8
months in 2018. The median duration of any breastfeeding is 20.0 months among
children in rural areas, as compared with 16.3 months among children in urban
areas. The median duration of predominant breastfeeding is longest among
children in the North East (6.2months) and South West (5.5months) and shortest
in the South South (3.1months). Breastfeeding pattern are similar according to
mother’s education and household wealth, the median duration of any
breastfeeding is 21.4 months each among mothers with no education and those in
the lowest wealth quintile, while the median durations are 14.6 and 14.5 months,
respectively, among those with more than a secondary education and those in the
highest wealth quintile. To help improve the
knowledge on exclusive breasting feeding practice the federal ministry
of health in conjunction with WHO
and UNICEF launched the Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to help
motivate facilities providing maternity and newborn services worldwide to
implement the Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding (WHO 2021). High mortality
rates are still persisting among the babies who are not breastfed (Ene-obong,
2001; Frazer and Cooper, 2003) UNICEF, 2005; Essien et al., 2009). Recently there has been an increase in the
prevalence of malnutrition in Africa which means that the goal set to reduce
the levels of malnutrition by 50% between 1990 and 2015 has not be met, Studies
(Mwangome et al., 2010; Ngwu et al., 2014) have shown that poor
nutrition prevents children and communities from reaching their social and
economic life. However human breast
milk have been discovered to be an adequate food for infants 0-2years
(0-24months), it is the best nutrition for infants with the introduction of
complementary foods at six months and continued breastfeeding till 2years. In
Aba, majority of mothers fail to practices exclusive breastfeeding as recommended.
This according to Ezenwa (2016), is caused by factors such as lack of self
–security, breast soreness, poor infant positioning, mother’s perception of
inadequate milk supply and lack of necessary support and information’s from
health care providers. There are cultural, social and economic barriers to
exclusive breast feeding including pre-lacteal feeding, giving drinking water
and herbal tea. Poor exclusive feeding rate might have result from the absence
of knowledge of breast feeding during antenatal visit. Infants that are
subjected to poor breast feeding practices may easily become malnourished with
the tendency of contributing to increased rate of mortality. The key to
successful breastfeeding is Information, Education and Communication (IEC). This
is aimed at behavior change, therefore, there is need for improving infant
breastfeeding practices among nursing mothers in Aba South Local Government
Area, Abia State.
Expect
for few recent studies (Ukagbu et al.., 2013; Adebayo, leshi and Sanusi, 2014) who
reported on the knowledge, belief and practices of exclusive breast feeding in
Umuahia North Local Government Area of Abia State. Ezenwa et al., (2016) who reported on exclusive breastfeeding knowledge , practices and attitude of working
mothers in private schools in Aba North L.G.A of Abia State, respectively. As
at the time of this study no work has been done among nursing mothers in Aba
South Local Government Area, Abia state. This study therefore was aimed to
assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of exclusive breastfeeding among
nursing mothers in Aba South Local Government Area, Abia State.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The
general objective of this study is to ascertain the Knowledge, Attitude and
Practice of exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers In Aba South Local
Government Area of Abia State.
The
specific objective of this study was to
1.
Determine the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the respondents
2.
Assess the knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding among
nursing mothers of Aba south Local Government Area of Abia State
3. Determine the Attitude
and Practices towards exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers of Aba
South L.G.A.
4.
Determine the Constraints and solution to improve exclusive breastfeeding among
nursing mothers.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study will help to enlighten nursing mothers about breastfeeding patterns, and
the importance of exclusive breastfeeding in fighting malnutrition.
The
result obtained from this study will help provide information to health workers
such as the medical doctors, dietitians and commercial health workers in Abia
State in general and Aba South LGA in particular on ways to help improve
knowledge, attitude and practices of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers.
The
information generated from this study, will be used for further sensitization
on breastfeeding in post-natal and pre-natal out –patient clinic in all the
Primary Health Centers in Aba South Local Government. Abia State.
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