ABSTRACT
This
study assessed the incidence of Cholera
among the people of Sabon Garu Quarters in Ringim Local Government Area of
Jigawa State. Cholera remains a major public health challenge in many
developing regions, particularly in communities with inadequate access to clean
water, poor sanitation, and low levels of hygiene awareness. The study aimed to
determine the prevalence of cholera, identify the major risk factors
contributing to its occurrence, and evaluate the level of awareness and preventive
practices among residents. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was
adopted for the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaires
administered to selected households, as well as interviews and observation
methods. The findings revealed that cholera incidence in Sabon Garu is closely
associated with the consumption of contaminated water, improper waste disposal,
open defecation, and limited access to healthcare facilities. Additionally, low
awareness of proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and water treatment,
was identified as a significant contributing factor. The study further showed
that seasonal variations, particularly during the rainy season, increase the
risk of cholera outbreaks due to flooding and contamination of water sources.
Despite some level of awareness among residents, preventive practices were
found to be inadequate and inconsistent. Based on the findings, the study
recommends intensified public health education, provision of safe and potable
water, improved sanitation infrastructure, and strengthened disease
surveillance and response systems. Government and relevant health agencies
should collaborate to implement effective intervention programs aimed at
reducing the incidence and impact of cholera in the study area.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Aim
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1.4 Research Questions / Hypotheses
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Concept of Cholera
2.2 Causes of Cholera
2.3 Causative Agent of Cholera
2.4 Incubation Period of Cholera
2.5 Signs and Symptoms of Cholera
2.5.1 Primary Signs and Symptoms
2.5.2 Secondary Signs and Symptoms
2.6 Health Impacts of Cholera
2.7 Prevention and Control Measures
2.8 Mode of Transmission
2.9 Period of Communicability
2.10 Population at Risk
2.11 Treatment of Cholera
2.11.1 Management of Cholera
2.11.2 Prevention and Control of Cholera
2.11.3 Antibiotics Used in Treatment
2.12 Possible Complications of Cholera
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population and Sample
3.3 Sampling Techniques
3.4 Instruments for Data Collection
3.5 Procedure for Data Collection
3.6 Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Data Analysis
4.3 Discussion of Findings
4.4 Hypothesis Testing
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Cholera
is an acute diarrheal disease caused by infection of the intestine with the
bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It remains a major public health problem
globally, particularly in developing countries where access to clean water and
sanitation is limited. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
cholera affects millions of people worldwide, resulting in an estimated 58,000
to 130,000 deaths annually.
Approximately
one out of every twenty (5%) infected individuals develops severe symptoms,
including profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. These symptoms can
lead to rapid loss of body fluids, causing dehydration and, if untreated, death
within a short period.
The
transmission of cholera is closely linked to poor sanitation and contaminated
water or food sources. The bacterium is commonly spread through ingestion of
water or food contaminated with fecal matter from infected individuals. Cholera
outbreaks are most common in areas with inadequate water treatment, poor
hygiene practices, and insufficient sanitation facilities.
Environmental
factors also contribute to the spread of cholera. The bacterium can survive in
brackish water and coastal environments, and seafood such as shellfish can
serve as a source of infection if not properly cooked. Additionally,
overcrowded living conditions, such as those found in refugee camps or urban
slums, increase the risk of transmission.
Cholera
remains an indicator of social and economic underdevelopment. Factors such as
population displacement, natural disasters, and lack of infrastructure often
contribute to its spread. Effective control of cholera requires a
multi-sectoral approach that includes prevention, preparedness, timely
response, and effective surveillance systems.
This
study focuses on assessing the incidence of cholera disease among the people of
Sabon Garu Quarters in Ringim Local Government Area of Jigawa State, with the
aim of identifying key contributing factors and possible preventive measures.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Cholera
continues to pose a serious health challenge among residents of Sabon Garu
Quarters in Ringim Local Government Area of Jigawa State. Recent observations
and reports indicate a high incidence of cholera cases in both rural and urban
communities, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality rates.
Despite
various public health interventions, the persistence of cholera in the area
suggests the presence of underlying factors such as poor sanitation, lack of
clean water, and inadequate awareness of preventive measures. Therefore, this
study seeks to assess the incidence of cholera disease in the study area and
identify the major factors responsible for its occurrence, with the aim of
providing practical solutions to reduce its spread.
1.3
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
general aim of this study is to assess the incidence of cholera disease among
the people of Sabon Garu Quarters in Ringim Local Government Area of Jigawa
State.
Specific
Objectives:
- To determine the level of awareness
among the people of Sabon Garu Quarters regarding the causative agents of
cholera.
- To examine the factors contributing
to cholera infection among the residents of the area.
- To evaluate the knowledge and
practice of preventive measures against cholera among the people.
1.4
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i.
Are the people of Sabon Garu Quarters aware of the causative agents of cholera
in their area?
ii. What are the contributing factors responsible for cholera infection in
Sabon Garu Quarters?
iii. Do the residents have adequate knowledge of preventive measures against
cholera?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This
study is significant as it will provide valuable information to individuals,
families, and the community on how to prevent and control cholera infection. It
will also help in reducing the incidence of the disease through increased
awareness and improved hygiene practices.
Furthermore,
the findings of this research will be useful to government agencies,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and health institutions in designing
effective intervention programs. It is expected that the study will attract the
attention of policymakers at local, state, and federal levels to implement
sustainable solutions to combat cholera.
Additionally,
this research will serve as a useful reference for students, researchers, and
public health professionals.
1.6
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This
study is limited to Sabon Garu Quarters in Ringim Local Government Area of
Jigawa State. It focuses specifically on assessing the incidence of cholera
disease and examining the factors contributing to its spread within the
community.
1.7
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Incidence:
A measure of the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a particular
population within a specified period of time.
Cholera:
An acute infection of the small intestine caused by Vibrio cholerae,
characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, muscle cramps, severe
dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance.
Epidemic:
The rapid spread of an infectious disease affecting a large number of people
within a short period, usually within two weeks or less.
Endemic:
A disease that is consistently present within a particular geographic area or
population (e.g., malaria in tropical regions).
Quarantine:
The restriction of movement of individuals who may have been exposed to a
contagious disease, for a period equal to the incubation period of the disease.
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