ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF WATERGUARD ON SELECTED WATER BORNE PATHOGENS (ESCHERICHIA COLI, SALMONELLA SPP AND SHIGELLA SPP).

ABSTRACT

The study of the efficacy of water guard on waterborne pathogens isolates from domestic water sources in Umudike was carried out. A total of 50 samples of water were randomly collected from locations in Umudike which include, Umuariaga, Amaba, MOUAU, Amawom and Mel-Rose and analyzed for bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella) contamination. Waterborne pathogens isolated from the water before treatment includes, Escherichia coli (69%), Salmonella (20.9%), and Shigella (10.1%). The microorganism isolated after treatment of water with water guard was Escherichia coli while Salmonella and Shigella were eliminated during treatment. The morphological characteristics of the isolates and Gram staining reaction was determined. Biochemical properties of the isolates were also determined. The most prevalent organism before and after treatment with water guard was Escherichia coli and this implied that water treated with water guard is not safe and portable as popularly believed by the people of Umudike. Also there is not any scientific publication on the effects of waterborne pathogens and efficacy of water guard on water borne pathogens in the areas of study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                    i

Certification                                                                                                               ii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                    iv

Table of contents                                                                                                        v

List of table                                                                                                                 vi

Abstract                                                                                                                       vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0        Introduction                                                                                              1

1.1       Aims and Objectives                                                                                      2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0        Literature Review                                                                                     3

2.1       The Risks of Water-Borne Diseases                                                               6

2.1.2      The Challenge of Disinfection by Products                                                   7

2.1.3      Chlorine And Water System Security                                                            7

2.1.4       Feacal Contamination                                                                                       8

2.1.5      Source Water Protection                                                                                9

2.1.6      Water Treatment                                                                                            10

2.1.7      Method of Treatments of Potable water                                                         10

2.2         Waterborne Pathogens And Aquatabs                                       15

2.2.2      Traveller’s Diarrhoea                                                 15

2.2.3      Giardia And Cryptosporidium                                                                        16

2.2.4      Dysentry                                                                                                         18

2.2.5      Salmonella                                          `           `                                               19

2.2.6      Escherichia Coli                                                                                             20

2.2.7      Typhoid Fever                                                                                                21

2.2.8      Cholera                                                                                                           22

2.2.9      Hepatitis A                                                                                                      23

2.2.8..1 Hepatitis E                                                                                                     23

2.2.10   Emerging Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens                                                   24

2.2.9.1 Mycobacterium Avium Complex (Mac)                                                         24

2.3     Water Guard: A Household Disinfectant                                                   25

CHAPTER THREE

3.0      Materials And Methods                                                                                          27

3.1     Collection of Water Samples                                                                            27

3.1.0    Media Used Preparation and Sterilization                                                     27

3.1.1    Treatment of Water Samples with Water Guard                                            27

3.2        Sample Preparation And Inoculation                                                       28

3.2.1      Purification Of Isolates                                                                                   28

3.3        Gram Staining                                                                                          28

3.3.1      Biochemical Tests                                                                                          29

3.3.2      Catalase Test                                                                                                   29

3.3.3      Coagulase                                                                                                       29

3.3.3.1   Citrate Test                                                                                                    30

3.3.3.2   Indole Test                                                                                                     30

3.3.3.3   Motility Test                                                                                                  30

3.3.3.4   Sugar fermentation test                                                                                  31

3.3.3.5  Methyl Red Test                                                                                            31

3.3.3.6  Voges – Proskauer                                                                                         31

4.0 RESULT

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion                                                                                                             38

5.2 Conclusion and Recommendation                                                                       39

REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

Tables                        Title                                             Page

1:         Morphological, Gram Reaction and Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria Isolates              27

2:                     Viable Counts of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp Isolated from Untreated Water Samples across Umudike (Cfu / ml).    28

3:                     Viable Count of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp Isolated from treated Water Samples across Umudike (Cfu /ml).               29

4:                     World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Microbial Quality of Water                     40

CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

Provision of safe and portable drinking water is one of the most important health-related water infrastructural programmes in the world (Falbo et al., 2013). Water is an indispensible resource for supporting life systems (Baiga et al., 2009). While access to safe drinking water is a basic human right, which is essential for healthy life (Casanovas – massana et al., 2013). Globally, about 1-1 million people lack access to improved water supplies (Sojobi et al., 2014). The enormous consequences of these apparent infrastructural deficits result in an estimated 4 billion cases of diarrhea where more than 5 million deaths occur annually (WHO, 2004).

Furthermore, the acute shortage of portable fresh water is aggravated by lack of proper management, industrial development, population growth, increased pollution, corruption and poor implementation of water-related infrastructural projects, which continue to put a heavy strain on the provision of adequate water resources in terms of distribution availability, access and quality (Wikes et al., 2011). This critical shortage need to be addressed especially in developing countries such as Nigeria (Sojobi et al., 2014). Exposure to waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid, shigellosis, diarrhea etc. (UNICEF and WHO, 2015) reported that 66 million people in Nigeria do not have good drinking water sources a situation which has led to the proliferation and consumption of different contaminated water sources with attendant health burden. Intervention efforts to combat water-related diseases are categorized into four namely improved hygiene practices, improved water quality (Zhang, 2012) point of use water treatment commonly used at household level makes use of physical, biological or chemical means or their combinations to disinfect water that might have been contaminated or re-contaminated during collection, transport or storage (Mellor et al., 2013) in order to improve water quality.

The varieties of the treatment methods include boiling, purifier water guard and filter, ceramic filter, micro filtration, anion exchange, reverse osmosis, Aquatab, Aqua guard and Zero-B purifier (Do et al., 2014). Boiling is the oldest and most common water treatment method in developing world and among the vulnerable, poor population (Rosa and Clasen, 2010., Sodha et al., 2011., Ogunyoku et al., 2011). According to (UNICEF, 2008), Chlorination is also widely practiced at community level and the various sources include sodium hypochlorite (water guard). Water guard use is limited mostly to Urban areas and is often unavailable in most rural areas owing to bad reads and weak advertisement of the product (PATH, 2015). Purpurifier, developed by Procter and Hamble Company in conjunction with centers for disease control and prevention is also used. The product contains powdered ferric sulphate, a flocculant and calcium hypochlorite CaCocl₂, which is a disinfectant (UNICEF, 2008). The ferric sulphate removes suspended particles through settling from water.

1.1       AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

(1)       Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp from potable water.

(2)       To investigate the antimicrobial effect of watergurad on the selected waterborne pathogens.

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