ABSTRACT
The study of the efficacy of water guard on waterborne pathogens isolates from domestic water sources in Umudike was carried out. A total of 50 samples of water were randomly collected from locations in Umudike which include, Umuariaga, Amaba, MOUAU, Amawom and Mel-Rose and analyzed for bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella) contamination. Waterborne pathogens isolated from the water before treatment includes, Escherichia coli (69%), Salmonella (20.9%), and Shigella (10.1%). The microorganism isolated after treatment of water with water guard was Escherichia coli while Salmonella and Shigella were eliminated during treatment. The morphological characteristics of the isolates and Gram staining reaction was determined. Biochemical properties of the isolates were also determined. The most prevalent organism before and after treatment with water guard was Escherichia coli and this implied that water treated with water guard is not safe and portable as popularly believed by the people of Umudike. Also there is not any scientific publication on the effects of waterborne pathogens and efficacy of water guard on water borne pathogens in the areas of study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of contents v
List of table vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and
Objectives 2
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 3
2.1 The Risks
of Water-Borne Diseases 6
2.1.2 The
Challenge of Disinfection by Products 7
2.1.3 Chlorine
And Water System Security 7
2.1.4 Feacal Contamination 8
2.1.5 Source
Water Protection 9
2.1.6 Water
Treatment 10
2.1.7 Method
of Treatments of Potable water 10
2.2 Waterborne Pathogens And Aquatabs 15
2.2.2 Traveller’s
Diarrhoea 15
2.2.3 Giardia And Cryptosporidium 16
2.2.4 Dysentry 18
2.2.5
Salmonella ` ` 19
2.2.6 Escherichia Coli 20
2.2.7 Typhoid
Fever 21
2.2.8 Cholera 22
2.2.9 Hepatitis
A 23
2.2.8..1 Hepatitis E 23
2.2.10 Emerging
Waterborne Bacterial Pathogens 24
2.2.9.1 Mycobacterium
Avium Complex (Mac) 24
2.3
Water Guard: A Household Disinfectant 25
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials And Methods 27
3.1 Collection of Water Samples 27
3.1.0 Media Used Preparation and Sterilization 27
3.1.1 Treatment of Water Samples with Water Guard 27
3.2
Sample Preparation And Inoculation 28
3.2.1
Purification Of Isolates 28
3.3
Gram Staining 28
3.3.1
Biochemical Tests 29
3.3.2
Catalase Test 29
3.3.3
Coagulase 29
3.3.3.1 Citrate Test 30
3.3.3.2 Indole Test 30
3.3.3.3 Motility Test 30
3.3.3.4 Sugar fermentation test 31
3.3.3.5 Methyl
Red Test 31
3.3.3.6 Voges –
Proskauer 31
4.0 RESULT
CHAPTER
FIVE
DISCUSSION,
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1
Discussion 38
5.2
Conclusion and Recommendation 39
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Title
Page
1: Morphological, Gram Reaction
and Biochemical Characterization of Bacteria Isolates 27
2:
Viable Counts of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp Isolated from Untreated
Water Samples across Umudike (Cfu / ml). 28
3:
Viable Count of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp Isolated from treated
Water Samples across Umudike (Cfu /ml). 29
4:
World Health
Organization (WHO) Guidelines for Microbial Quality of Water 40
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Provision of safe and portable drinking water is one
of the most important health-related water infrastructural programmes in the
world (Falbo et al., 2013). Water is
an indispensible resource for supporting life systems (Baiga et al., 2009). While access to safe
drinking water is a basic human right, which is essential for healthy life
(Casanovas – massana et al., 2013).
Globally, about 1-1 million people lack access to improved water supplies (Sojobi
et al., 2014). The enormous
consequences of these apparent infrastructural deficits result in an estimated
4 billion cases of diarrhea where more than 5 million deaths occur annually
(WHO, 2004).
Furthermore, the acute shortage of portable fresh water
is aggravated by lack of proper management, industrial development, population
growth, increased pollution, corruption and poor implementation of
water-related infrastructural projects, which continue to put a heavy strain on
the provision of adequate water resources in terms of distribution
availability, access and quality (Wikes et
al., 2011). This critical shortage need to be addressed especially in
developing countries such as Nigeria (Sojobi et al., 2014). Exposure to waterborne diseases like cholera,
typhoid, shigellosis, diarrhea etc. (UNICEF and WHO, 2015) reported that 66
million people in Nigeria do not have good drinking water sources a situation
which has led to the proliferation and consumption of different contaminated
water sources with attendant health burden. Intervention efforts to combat
water-related diseases are categorized into four namely improved hygiene
practices, improved water quality (Zhang, 2012) point of use water treatment
commonly used at household level makes use of physical, biological or chemical
means or their combinations to disinfect water that might have been
contaminated or re-contaminated during collection, transport or storage (Mellor
et al., 2013) in order to improve
water quality.
The varieties of the treatment methods include
boiling, purifier water guard and filter, ceramic filter, micro filtration,
anion exchange, reverse osmosis, Aquatab, Aqua guard and Zero-B purifier (Do et al., 2014). Boiling is the oldest and
most common water treatment method in developing world and among the
vulnerable, poor population (Rosa and Clasen, 2010., Sodha et al., 2011., Ogunyoku et
al., 2011). According to (UNICEF, 2008), Chlorination is also widely
practiced at community level and the various sources include sodium
hypochlorite (water guard). Water guard use is limited mostly to Urban areas
and is often unavailable in most rural areas owing to bad reads and weak
advertisement of the product (PATH, 2015). Purpurifier, developed by Procter
and Hamble Company in conjunction with centers for disease control and
prevention is also used. The product contains powdered ferric sulphate, a
flocculant and calcium hypochlorite CaCocl2, which is a disinfectant
(UNICEF, 2008). The ferric sulphate removes suspended particles through
settling from water.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
(1) Isolation and identification of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp and Shigella
spp from potable water.
(2) To investigate the antimicrobial effect
of watergurad on the selected waterborne pathogens.
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