ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial agents have been as chemotherapeutic agents to improve oral health. This in-vitro study was carried out to determine antimicrobial efficacy of different toothpastes against the oral pathogen (Streptococcus mutans). A total of four toothpastes(Sensodyne,Colgate,Close-up,Dabur-herbal) were tested for their antimicrobial activity against the oral pathogen, Streptococcus mutans. This was carried out by agar diffusion test and quantitative tube dilution test. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS windows version 15 by applying the mean values using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc least square differences (LSD) method (α = 0.05). The best toothpaste observed in this study was Sensodyne which had the highest zone of inhibition (18.33±2.52) during agar well diffusion test and was able to inhibit the test organism at the least concentration during quantitative tube dilution test. Results from the study showed that trichosan containing toothpaste formulations were more effective in controlling Streptococcus mutans compared to non-trichosan containing synthetic toothpaste.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
Page i
Dedication
ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table
of Contents iv
List
of Tables v
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and objectives 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 6
2.1 Toothpaste 6
2.2 Dental caries 22
2.3 Mode of Streptococcus mutans transmission 22
2.4 Colonization of Streptococcus mutans 23
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Toothpaste sources 25
3.2 Collection of sample 25
3.3 Sterility of materials 25
3.4 Preparation of culture media 25
3.4.1 Preparation of the inoculums size 26
3.5 Identification and characterization of
bacteria isolate 26
3.6 Gram staining 26
3.7 Biochemical test 26
3.7.1 Catalase 27
3.7.2 Coagulase 27
3.8 Antimicrobial activity of formulated
toothpaste 27
3.9 Preparation of dentifrice 27
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
28
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion 31
5.2 Recommendation 31
References
LIST OF TABLES
TABLES TITLE PAGES
1 Minimum
inhibition concentration of different toothpastes
used in the study against Streptococcus
mutans 29
2 Antimicrobial
activity of different toothpastes used in the
study against Streptococcus mutans 30
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Bacteria
form an important group of microorganism found in both healthy and diseased
mouth (Robert, 2005). There have been more than 300types of bacteria found in
the mouth (Robert, 2005). Commercial bacterial are regarded as beneficial
against the colonization of invading pathogen. One might think thus suggests
that the oral cavity is a relatively easy environment for bacterial to
colonize. However, relatively few of the oral pathogen is found further along
the gastrointestinal tract (Robert, 2005). Moreover, a bacterial accumulation
on oral surfaces is a major factor in the development of most common dental
disease such as dental caries and periodontal diseases (Williams and Cummins,
2003). Streptococcus mutans, a
bacterium in the mouth, is the chief bacterium that causes plague and may also
cause dental caries, (Bergquist, R .2009).The accumulation and development of
plaque depends upon the outcome of the interactions between the adhesives of
plaque to the tooth surface and physical shear forces which serves to
dislodge and remove the plaque (Roberts,
2005). Toothpastes and brushes are among the physical forces that removes
plaques. Fluoride containing toothpastes have significant effect on the
initiation and progression of caries (Bergquist, R.2009). Within these
fluorides containing toothpastes is a cationic agent called chlorhexidine has
been documented for its ability to inhibit the formation of dental plaque.
However, the use of chnlorhexidine has a few drawbacks. The first drawback is
the staining of teeth and tongue (Williams and Cummins, 2003). These stains can
be removed by having teeth professionally cleaned .Another drawback is their
unpleasant taste. When eating or drinking something after the use of
chlorhexidine, one can experience a change in taste perception .An example of
this is brushing one’s teeth and drinking orange juice. Many have done this and
have experienced on or after taste. Triclosan, a compound commonly used for
disinfection is another broad-spectrum antibacterial agents manufactured
specially for use in oral care (Williams and Cumins,2003). It has been shown in vitro to be active against many of
the organisms associated with plaque , gingivitis, and bad breath .Triclosan
acts by disrupting the bacterial cytoplasmal membrane, resulting in the leakage
of cellular contents and death of the bacteria. It is used in most oral care
ingredients and has a long history of use in consumer products
Fluoride in drinking water and toothpastes
don’t appear to have demonstrated effects on dental plaque in which, fluid and
pH change reduces lactate production following consumption of
sugar(Bergquist,R.2009) the exact mechanism underlying this inhibition is not
known but fluoride has shown to inhibit a variety of bacterial processes that
are mediated by enzyme binding . On occasion, many people experience stale or
unpleasant breath upon walking in the morning .However, some people, about 25%
of the population, experience halitosis, or bad breath, on a regular basis.
These people can be sensitive about it and may have social situation .Halitosis
tends to be more frequent with age and is evenly distributed between men and
women (The problem results from anaerobic breakdown of proteins from food and
salivary debris by gram-negative bacteria, which generate amino acids such as
cysteine and methionine ).Many different Products are currently marketed that
promised to provide consumers with fresh breath .It is estimated that more than
one billion dollars are annually worldwide on lozenges, chewing gum, mouth
rinse, toothpaste and dentrifices in an effort to resolve this condition .The
active agents that are incorporated into treatment forms include surfactants,
antimicrobial agents, baking soda, perioxide;metal sacks herbal and natural
extracts and chlorine). (Williams and Cummins,2003). Nigeria basically employ two methods to
remove debris (plaque) from the mouth which are either by the use of
toothbrushes and paste or by use of parts of various plants native to west
Africa referred to as ‘’chewing sticks’’(Bankole et al. 2012). Contaminated toothbrush can also be sources of oral
bacterial growth. Toothbrushes which are used regularly become contaminated
with microorganism that colonizes the teeth and oral cavity. Under the usual
condition of storage, a toothbrush can therefore serve as a vector for the re-
introduction of potential pathogen into the oral cavity, and also for the
introduction of other microbial species originating from the bathroom
environment (Ojo et al.,2007).Toothpastes
have been proven to protect teeth against attack from bacterial (Vohra et al.,2012).It has been reported that
toothbrushes can be a source of repeated oral infection (Li et al.,2000). Significant bacteria on
toothbrushes have been reported after toothbrushing especially in patients with
severe periodontis(Rogers et al.,2008).
This is caused by simply leaving ones tooth brushe kept in a moist environment,
like that of a bathroom, retain up to 50% of herpes simplex virus type 1 after one week (steinberg et al.,2003). An in vitro study involving, 59 patientys who had oral inflammatory
diseases found that 34% required no additional therapy after the tooth brush
has been contaminated. Some studies suggest that the general population replace
toothbrushes every month or after any illness (Wolfgan, W.2005).The use of
disposable tooth brushes is also a good option to reduce oral 1bacteria flora.
Another idea to prevent the contamination of brushes is to coat the brush with
chlorhexidine after each use (Hooda et al.,
2010). One study found that soaking tooth brushes for 20 min in a mouth rinse
containing essential oils killed 100% of the bacterial percent (Degiam,
D.2010). However, most of the bacterial are harmful and cause plaque and bad
breath (Bankole et al.,2012). There
are toothpastes and other remedies that help to kill and prevent bacterial in
people’s mouth. Calcium carbonate and silicic acid ensure thorough removal of
plaque. Regular brushing of the tooth removes bacterial plaque, which is mainly
responsible for caries, perodontosis and tartar. With sea salt and minerals, in
addition to extract of amina, myrrh, and yarrow, toothpastes ensure a healthy
bacterial flora in the mouth. The PH value (7.0) of toothpastes neutralizes
acids which damage the tooth and may attack dental enamel. Micro organisms
enter the mouth with food, water and air. The presence of mucosa folds.
Interdental space, gums and other places where food, designated epithelium, and
saliva are easily trapped creating favorable conditions for the reproduction of
most micro-organism (Fisherman,S.L.2000).
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. To isolate, identify and characterize
Streptococcus mutans from mouth oral
cavity
2. To compare the effect of four brands
of toothpaste on Streptococcus mutans.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment