THE MICROBIAL QUALITY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEVEN BRANDS OF TOOTHPASTE MARKETED IN UBANI IN UMUAHIA

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the study is to assess the microbial quality as well as the effectiveness of seven brands of toothpaste marketed  in Ubani in Umuahia, Abia State for reducing oral flora. Of the seven brands, five contained Sodium Flouride as the antimicrobial agent, one contained Sodium Fluoride and herbal and one was herbal. Each of the toothpaste products were assessed for microbial safety based on growth on Nutrient agar. Five oral isolates were used to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of the various toothpastes in reducing oral flora (E.coli, S.aureus, Streptococcus sp, Lactobacillus sp and C.albicans) by well diffusion method. The zones of inhibition were measured using a metre rule and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration as well as the Minimum Bacteriocidal and Fungicidal Concentrations of these toothpastes were also determined using broth dilution method. Statistical analysis were done using the one way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and all the toothpastes were statistically significant ( p< 0.05). The difference between the treatments were compared using Least Statistical Difference. Based on this study, toothpaste B (Pepsodent) exerted the greatest effect in reducing oral flora, followed by C (Darbur herbal) , F (Colgate) , E (Close up naija), D (Oral-B), A (Close up) and the least was toothpaste G (Sensodyne).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Table of contents iv

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

List of Plates viii

Abstract ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction 1

1.1 Background of study 1

1.2 Aims and objectives 1

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review 4

2.1 History of Toothpaste 4

2.2 Classification of Toothpaste 5

2.3 Types of Toothpaste 5

2.4 Composition of  Toothpaste 7

2.5 Oral organisms 10

2.6 Oral Health 11

2.7 Causes of Dental caries 11

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and Method 14

3.1 Collection of sample 14

3.2 Sterility Test 14

3.3 Culture media preparation 15

3.4 Isolation of Microorganism 15

3.5 Characterization and identification of isolate 16

3.6  Antimicrobial Assay by modified agar well diffusion method 18

3.7 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of various the toothpaste to Isolates                 19

3.8 Statistical analysis            19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results 20

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion   38

5.1  Conclusion 41

5.3  Recommendation 41

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

 Figure                                      Title                                                                       Page

1                 Mean zones of inhibition of various toothpastes against isolates          23

2                 Overall effectiveness of the sampled toothpastes against isolates          24

LIST OF PLATES

Plate                                            Title                                                                   Page

1                 The zones of inhibition of various isolates on S. aureus 35

2                 The zones of inhibition of various isolates on Lactobacillus sp 36

3                 The zones of inhibition of various isolates on E. coli 37

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background of study.

The mouth provides a hospitable environment for many microorganisms. It is warm, nutrient-rich, continuously bathed with saliva, and has a pH of between 6.75 and 7.25. Hence the oral cavity is home to a rich microbiota, most of which are beneficial organisms and live in harmony with each other and the host. The presence of microbes is in fact essential for maintaining the normal physiology of the oral cavity. While this symbiosis is usually stable and mutually beneficial, if some external force changes the balance, the result can be gingivitis, dental caries, or periodontal disease (Frei, 2012).     

The highly diverse microflora inhabits the various surfaces of the normal mouth. The flora of normal healthy dentate mouth has 85% Streptococci, Veillonella, Gram positive diptheroids, Gram negative anaerobic rods, 5-7% Neisseria, 2% Lactobacilli, 2% filamentous bacteria, 1% Staphylococci and  Micrococci. The remainders are other bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses (Todar, 2012). Candida albicans is the most common yeast isolated from the oral cavity. It is by far the fungal species most commonly isolated from infected root canals, showing resistance to inter canal medications (Oztan et al., 2006). Poor oral hygiene is one of the reasons for accumulation of these microbes and their harmful activities (Manupati, 2011).

Toothpaste (dentifrice) is a paste or gel used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of teeth (ADA, 2012). Dentifrices/toothpastes have been prepared in several forms such as powders, pastes and gels. The most popular forms are the pastes and gels with over five billion tubes used worldwide each year. Tooth cleaning with dentifrices dates back over 2000 years, while cleaning with toothpicks and brushes is an even older practice. Abrasive dentifrice materials came to be used when it was found that brushes, while facilitating the cleaning of soft deposits from teeth, were inadequate for the removal of harder deposits and stains. The primary purpose of brushing the teeth with a dentifrice is to clean the accessible tooth surfaces of dental plaques, stains and food debris (Reynolds, 1994). Several studies have shown that toothpaste has a key role in helping to remove dental plaque - the major cause of dental caries and periodontal diseases (George et al., 2008; Barnes et al., 2010; Thomas et al., 2010; Okpalugo et al., 2009). Modern developments in toothpaste formulation have led to the addition of agents to provide therapeutic, as well as cosmetic benefits (Forward, 1991).

 Dentifrices are the major products for routinely administering effective cosmetic and therapeutic agents in the mouth. These products are the most widely used by consumers, generating the largest sales of all dental products. Besides attempting to prevent tooth decay, it is also becoming increasingly common for manufacturers to add therapeutic or preventive agents to reduce gum disease (gingivitis) and tartar (calculus) formation. A few toothpastes also contain desensitizing agents (Reynolds, 1994). The purpose of oral hygiene using toothpaste is to reduce oral bacterial flora (Okpalugo et al.,2009). The success of any toothpaste, in part, lies on its ability to eliminate pathogenic oral microflora.(Dilip et al., 2008). The activities of oral microflora being responsible for mouth odour and most oral diseases are not in doubt. The need to keep these oral organisms to a level consistent with oral health by antimicrobial agent inclusion in dentifrice has been stressed (Ciancio, 2003). When these substances are added to oral products, they kill microorganisms by disrupting their cell walls and inhibiting their enzymatic activity. They also prevent bacterial aggregation, slow multiplication and release endotoxins (Bou-Chacra, et al., 2005).  Several clinical studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effects of antimicrobial dentifrice on oral bacteria and gingival diseases (Fine, et al.,2006).

1.2   Aims and Objectives.

-  To determine the effectiveness of different brands of toothpaste in reducing the microbial load of the oral flora.

-  To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration , Minimum Bacteriocidal and Fungicidal Concentration of the various toothpastes on isolates.

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