MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SOME BRANDS OF LOCALLY PRODUCED COSMETIC POWDERS SOLD IN UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE.

ABSTRACT

This study was aimed at determining the microbiological quality of some brands of locally produced cosmetics powders sold within Umuahia metropolis. A total of thirty (30) samples; fifteen (15) each of baby powder and adult powder with different manufacturing dates were randomly purchased in different markets in Umuahia, Abia State transferred to the laboratory and analysed. A 10 fold serial dilution was carried out followed by plating using standard spread plate method. From the result, it was observed that all the products were contaminated, having total viable count ranging from 3.50x106 – 1.35x107 cfu/ml for the adult powder and 4.90x106 – 1.37x107 cfu/g for the baby powder. Bacteria isolated from the adult powder were Staphlococcus spp 48%, Micrococcus spp. 4%, Streptococcus spp. 19%, Bacillus spp. 6%, Escherichia coli were not isolated from any of the adult powders. While bacterial isolates from the baby powders include Bacillus spp. 15%, Escherichia coli 4%, Micrococcus spp. 15%, Staphlococcus spp 39%, Streptococcus spp. 27%. Fungal isolates from the adult powders were Candida spp. 24%, Penicillium spp. 14%, Aspergillus spp. 33%, Rhizopus spp. 29% while fungal isolates from the  baby powders were  Rhizopus spp. 30%, Aspergillus spp. 30%, Trichoderma spp. 15%, Penicillium spp. 7%, Candida spp. 18%. From this study, it was established that these products analysed were more contaminated with bacteria than fungi. And also the baby powders studied are found to be more contaminated than the adult powders.T herefore, good manufacturing practices and hygiene must be carried out by manufacturers and personnel, water must be tested continuously for microbial growth, raw materials should be tested before use especially those of natural origin and cosmetic products should be stored in an aseptic environment to avoid contamination before vendinig in the markets.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE  PAGE                                                                                                                          I

CERTIFICATION                                                                                                                    II

DEDICATION                                                                                                                         III

ACKNOWLEDGMENT                                                                                                          IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                                          V

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                                                    VIII

ABSTRACT                                                                                                                                            IX

 CHAPTER  ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION                                                                                                             1

1.2 Aims                                                                                                                                                  5

1.3 Objectives                                                                                                                                     5           

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE  REVIEW                                                                                                  6

2.1 Cosmetic                                                                                                                                        8

2.1.1 Cosmetic Ingredients                                                                                                               9

2.1.2 Types of Cosmetic Products                                                                                                   10

2.1.2.1 Solution Cosmetics                                                                                                               11

 2.1.2.2 Cream/Emulsions                                                                                                             11

2.1.2.3 Lotions                                                                                                                     11

2.1.2.4 Suspensions                                                                                                                           12

 2.1.2.5 Ointments/Pastes                                                                                                                12

2.1.2.6 Tablets and Capsules                                                                                                           12                       

2.1.2.7 Powders                                                                                                                                 13

2.1.2.8 Gels                                                                                                                                          13

2.1.2.9 Sticks                                                                                                                                       13

2.1.2.10 Aerosol                                                                                                                                 14

2.2 Cosmetic Powder                                                                                                                         14

2.3 Components of Cosmetic Powder                                                                             15

2. 4 Importance of Cosmetic Powder                                                                                             17

2.5 Micro-Organisms Associated with  Cosmetic  Powder                                                          18

2.6 Preservation and Storage  of Cosmetic  Powder                                                                    19

CHAPTER THREE

3.0  MATERIAL AND METHOD                                                                                          21

3.1 Sample Collection                                                                                                         21

3.2   Sterilization  of Materials                                                                                          21

3.3 preparation of Culture  Media                                                                                                  21

3.4 Media Used                                                                                                                                   22

3.5 Preparation and Inoculation of Samples                                                                                 22

3.6  Isolation and Enumeration of Micro-Organisms                                                    22

3.7 Morphological and  Biochemical  Identification  of Isolates                                 23

3.7.1 Gram Staining                                                                                                                           24

3.8 Biochemical Tests                                                                                                         24

3.8.1 Catalase  Test                                                                                                                            24

3.8.2  Coagulase  Test                                                                                                         24

3.8.3  Sugar  Fermentation  Test                                                                                      25

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT                                                                                                                           26

4.1  Characterization and Identification  of Bacterial Isolates  from the  Cosmetic  Powder  Samples                                                                                                                                         27

4.2  Bacteriological Count  of Baby Powder                                                                                    28

4.3 Bacteriological Count  of Adult  Powder                                                                   29

4.4  Fungal  Count  of Baby  Powder                                                                                               30

4.5  Fungal Count of Adult Powder                                                                                                  31

4.6  Identification  and Characterization  of Fungal  Isolates                                       32

4.7  Frequency of  Occurrence  of Bacterial  Isolates  form the  Baby  Powders              33

4.8  Frequency  of Occurrence  of Bacterial  Isolates  From Adult  Powder                 34

4.9 frequency of  Occurrence  of Fungal  Isolates  From  Baby Powders                   35

4.10 Frequency of Occurrence of Fungal Isolates in Adult Powders                          36

CHAPTER  FIVE

5.0  DISCUSSION                                                                                                                                37

5.1  Recommendation                                                                                                                    39

5.2 conclusion                                                                                                                      40

 References

LIST OF TABLES

 TABLES                                                                                           PAGE

TABLE ONE: shows the characteristics and identification of

bacterial isolates from the cosmetic powder samples.                                                27

TABLE TWO: represents the total colony count of the bacterial isolates

 from the baby powder                                                                                                       28

TABLE THREE: shows the total colony count of bacterial isolates

from the adult powder                                                                                                        29

TABLE FOUR: shows the total colony count of fungal isolates

 from the baby powder which                                                                                                          30

TABLE FIVE: shows the total colony count of fungal isolates

 from the adult powder which                                                                                          31

TABLE SIX: represent the identification and characteristic of fungal isolates.      32

TABLE SEVEN: shows the frequency of occurrence of bacterial

isolates from the baby powders.                                                                                                    33

TABLE EIGHT: represents the frequency of occurrence of fungal

 isolates from the baby powders.                                                                                                   34

TABLE NINE: indicates the frequency of occurrence of bacterial

isolates from the adult powders.                                                                                                35

TABLE TEN: shows the frequency of occurrence of fungal

isolates from the adult powders.                                                                                                    36

CHAPTER ONE

            1.1           INTRODUCTION 

A powder is a cosmetic product used by both men and women to improve their looks and also inhibit the growth of bacterial pathogens which may cause unpleasant odor and sometimes skin infections (Michael Macvren Dashen et al,. 2011). The description of their functions can vary from decorative to protective. Cosmetic powders are used to smooth the appearance of the skin, minimize shininess caused by oily skin. It is also used to clear rashes from the skin, especially the once caused by heat. Some powders with sunscreen can also reduce skin damage from sunlight and environmental stress.

            Despite these functions, they are liable to microbial contamination either in the course of their preparation, by the personnel, storage environment, during transportation and/or use by the consumers, which may lead to their spoilage. This spoilage may lead to alteration in organoleptic properties of these products which may manifest in terms of changes in color, odor and texture as well as biodegradation of active constituents of such products. Contaminating microorganisms in cosmetic powders may cause spoilage of the product and when pathogenic, they represent serious health risk for consumer’s worldwide (Becks and Lorenzoni, 1995, and Bhravan et al., 2005). Microbial spoilage of different items such as food, papers, and textiles has been known for many years. It is perhaps a little surprising that the problem of microbial contamination in non-sterile medicines and cosmetic received detailed attention only recently. This possibly is due to over confidence in the traditionally good hygienic conditions under which such products are manufactured and also because it is assumed that added preservatives will prevent microbial growth upon storage and/or during use. However, studies have shown that although many cosmetic preparations contain preservatives, microbial spoilage can still occur during storage or use. The warm and rather humid climatic conditions that prevail in most tropical countries including Nigeria would tend to support the survival and growth of many microorganisms.

            In a situation whereby a nutritionally rich cosmetic product is severely contaminated, rapid growth and multiplication would be expected. This could lead to biodegradation of the product and hence the risk of infection to consumers of the product (Raghad A. Razooki: 2009). The ability of microorganisms to grow and reproduce in cosmetic products has been known for many years (Fujital et al., 2005). A spoiled product may be described as product that has been rendered unfit for use. As pharmaceutical and cosmetics are consumed or applied to the user, manifestations of spoilage are essentially subjective; spoilage can be caused by bacteria, yeast or fungi which are all extremely versatile. Activities of microorganisms allow adaptation to a very broad range of environmental conditions. As a result, all classes of natural organic compound are susceptible to degradation and synthetic compound are also attacked. Cosmetic products are prone to microbial contamination as a result of special additives (including plant extracts and vitamins) that could serve as substrates for the contaminating organisms (Okeke et al., 2001). Product contamination may arise from raw materials or water used in formulation or accidentally during use (Okeke et al., 2001). Studies are carried out till date to assess the incidence and hygiene status of many topical products. Using cosmetic preparations which are contaminated with microorganisms has been associated with several diseases.

 Microorganisms may cause spoilage or chemical changes in the cosmetic products and injury to users. Many ingredients such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, essential oil e.t.c are added to provide the characteristics of a good powder, talc help it to spread easily. Cosmetic powder comes packaged either as compact powder or in a loose powder container which is used for make-up. It can also be reapplied throughout the day to minimize shinning of oily skin. It can be applied with a sponge, brush or powder puff. Because of the wide variation among human skin tones, there is a corresponding variety of colors of cosmetic powder. Besides toning the face, most make-up powders are available with sun protection fraction (SPF) that helps prevents pigmentation of the skin under the sun. Cosmetic powders have some positive effects on a person’s appearance which includes; reducing wrinkles and puffiness, it hides the blemishes and the dark circles, it helps in reducing the fine lines, it also give beautiful and clean appearances to the skin.

Cosmetic powders are sometimes contaminated with microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, Clostridium tetani, Yeast and Mould which can either be from the raw material or during manufacturing processing, breakage or damage of the cosmetic capturing, processing, breakage or damage of the cosmetic powder container, at the retail market due to the presence of dust, also during usage of products. Contamination of cosmetic powder by micro-organisms such as Clostridium tetani, Staphylococus aurues, Moulds and Yeast etc may cause serious disease of the skin and mucous membrane which are difficult to cure in several cases.         

            Cosmetic powders have positive effects on adult and babies skin. However, critics have pointed out the negative effects of cosmetic powders on a person’s skin which include; some cosmetics powders are contaminated with mould and other microorganisms. It was reported that some of these cosmetic powders are contaminated with spores of microorganisms and can support their growth when they are poorly preserved. It is against this background that the microbiological quality assessment of some brands of locally produced baby powders and adult powders sold within parts of Umuahia metropolis was analyzed to determine their safety.

            Reports of the microbial quality evaluation of cosmetics products have been from temperate countries and often in response to outbreaks of infectious diseases. Ashour M.S> 1989; Okeke and lanikanri (2001 1992), Hugho et al; (2003), Nasser (2008) Raghad A. Razooki (2009), Michael Macvren Dashen et al, (2011). The environment of production and the raw material if not properly assessed, result in heavy contamination. Growth of mould and other microorganisms may occur if the product is poorly preserved. Hence the realization that there is a link between the raw materials used, the environment and contamination of product and the need to assess the microbial quality of some selected brands of commonly used locally produced cosmetic powders to ascertain if they have been contaminated above acceptable limit for human application and the possible risk involved.

1.2       AIMS.

1. To reassess production processes to ensure that technique capable of reducing microbial   contamination are employed

 2. To ascertain the microbiological load of the powder.

  3. To isolate and identify the different microorganisms associated with microbial spoilage

1.3        OBJECTIVES                                                                    

 The objective of this study is to assess the microbial quality of some brands of                                                                                                       commonly used locally produced powders with different dates of production in Umuahia metropolis. 

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