TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
AIMS
1.2 OBJECTIVES
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 MEDICINAL
NATURE OF GOLDENSEAL
2.2 CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF GOLDENSEAL
2.3 ANTIMICROBIAL
ACTIVITY OF Hydrastis canadensis (GOLDENSEAL)
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
SAMPLE COLLECTION
3.2 STUDY AREA
3.4 PREPARATION OF PLANT MATERIALS
3.5 COLLECTION
OF TEST ORGANISMS
3.6 BIOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION OF THE TEST ORGANISMS
3.6.1 Gram Staining
3.6.2 Catalase Test
3.6.3 Coagulase Test
3.6.4 Indole Test
3.6.5 Citrate Utilisation Test
3.7 PREPARATION
OF EXTRACT
3.8 SCREENING OF THE EXTRACTS FOR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
3.9 DETERMINATION
OF MIC AND MBC
3.10 PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
3.11 TEST
FOR ALKALOID
3.12 TEST
FOR FLAVONOID
3.13 TEST
FOR TANNIN
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0
DISCUSSION, RECOMMENDATION AND
CONCLUSION
5.1 CONCLUSION
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 4.1: Phytochemical Composition of Hydrastis canadenis from different
extracts.
Table 2: Mean Diameter zone of Inhibition (mm) produced
by Ethanol Extracts of
Hydrastis Canadensis
Table 3: Mean Diameter zone of Inhibition (mm) produced
by Aqueous Extracts of
Hydrastis canadensis
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The development of bacterial resistance to
presently available antibiotics has necessitated the need to search for new
antibacterial agents. Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus
are mainly responsible for post-operative wound infections, toxic shock
syndrome, endocarditis, osteomyelitis and food poisoning (Villnski et al.,
2003).
Gram negative bacterium such as Escherichia
coli is present in human intestine and causes lower urinary tract
infection, coleocystis or septicaemia (Chandwinck et al., 2001).
The development of antibiotic resistance
is multifactorial, including the specific nature of the relationship of
bacteria to antibiotics, the usage of antibacterial agent, host characteristics
and environmental factors. This situation has forced scientists to search for
new antimicrobial substances from various sources as novel antimicrobial
chemotherapeutic agents, but the cost production of synthetic drugs is high and
they produce adverse effects compared to plant derived drugs (Cech et al.,
2012).
These antimicrobial substances are of
natural origin, and it is thought that their influences on the environment are
few and can be used as biological control agents. However, some medicinal herbs
for some reasons have not found wider application and sometimes are referred as
‘forgotten plants’. Taking into account the increasing demand for natural
ingredients that might be used as food additives, components of functional foods,
preventing plant diseases and nutraceuticals as well as for other applications,
it is reasonable to revise the ‘forgotten plants’ by assessing their
applicability and benefits using modern scientific analysis methods (Kelmonson et
al., 2000).
Even though pharmacological industries have
produced a number of new antibiotics in the last three decades, resistance to
these drugs by microorganisms has increased. In general, bacteria have the
genetic ability to transmit and acquire resistance to drugs, which are utilized
as therapeutic agents (Gislene et al., 2000).
Plants produce a diverse range of bioactive
molecules, making them rich source of different types of medicines. Most of the
drugs today are obtained from natural sources or semi synthetic derivatives of
natural products and used in the traditional systems of medicine. Thus it is a
logical approach in drug discovery to screen traditional natural products.
Approximately 20% of the plants found in the world have been submitted to
pharmaceutical or biological test and a sustainable number of new antibiotics
introduced in the market are obtained from natural or semi synthetic resources.
It has been reported that between the
years 1983 and 1994, the systematic screening of antibacterial plant extracts
represents a continuous effort to find new compounds with the potential to act
against multi-resistant bacteria (Mukhtar et
al., 2002).
Current advancements in drug discovery
technology and search for novel chemical diversity have intensified the efforts
for exploring leads from Ayurveda the traditional system of medicine in India.
Ayurvedic system of medicine has its long history of therapeutic potential. The
use of plant extracts and phytochemicals both with known antimicrobial
properties is of great significance, in the past few years a number of
investigations have been conducted world wide to prove antimicrobial activities
from medicinal plants (Alonso-Paz et al.,
2007).
For a long period of time, plants have
been a valuable source of natural products for maintaining human health,
especially in the last decade, with more intensive studies for natural
therapies. According to World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be
the best source to obtain a variety of drugs. Many plants have been used
because of their antimicrobial traits, which are due to compounds synthesized
in the secondary metabolism of the plant. These products are known by their
active substances, for example, the phenolic compounds which are a part of the
essential oils (Galiffi et al., 1997).
Plants produce a diverse range of
bioactive molecules, making them rich sources of different types of medicine
(Nair et al., 2005).
Mostly, these compounds are secondary
metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, resins, fatty acids, tannins
and phenol compounds, etc. Compounds extracted from different parts of the
plants can be used in treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, cough, cold, fever,
bronchitis, cholera, etc. (Joshi et al., 2011).
Plant derived products can be exploited
with a large number of sustainable advantages like more effectiveness, less
side effects, reduced cost, and easy availability (Moorthy et al., 2007).
Now a day, antibiotic resistance in medically important bacteria is the major
problem faced by the world. The indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial
drugs has resulted in multiple drug resistance. Antibiotics may also cause
adverse effects on the host including allergies, hypersensitivity and
immune-suppression. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative antimicrobial
drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases.
Antimicrobials of plant origin have
enormous therapeutic potential. They are effective in the treatment of
infectious diseases while simultaneously minimizing many of the side effects
that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials (Cunha, 2001).
1.1
AIMS
The aim of this study is to study the
antibacterial effect of Hydrastis canadensis on some human pathogens.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
1.
To determine the antimicrobial effect of Hydrastis
canadensis on some human pathogens.
2.
To determine the phytochemical constituents of Hydrastis canadensis.
3. To determine the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration of Hydrastis canadensis.
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