ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individuals and the communities. Leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum was analysed against 3 pathogenic organisms; Staphylococcus aureus, Escherischia coli, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. Fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leave) was procured from a local market in Ndoru, Ikwuano, L.G.A. of Abia state and transferred to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. The plant was identified authenticated at the Herbarium of the department of plant science and biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherischia coli, and Pseudomonas aeroginosa used in the study were obtained from the Microbiology laboratory, Federal Medical Center Umuahia and confirmed by Gram-staining method, biochemical test, morphological appearance and motility. The crude extract of 20mg/ml was double diluted in ethanol and water to the following concentrations 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 3.625%%. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by agar well dilution method. MIC and MBC of the crude extract was done under standard technique. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extract of Occimum gratissimum against Staphylococcus aureus, 100%, Escherichia coli, 100mg/ml and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 50% while their Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was 50%, 100% and 50% respectively. Conversely the ethanolic extract of Occimum gratissimum showed a concentration dependent gradient increase in the level of inhibition against the isolates with MIC values of 50mg/ml for each isolate and MBC values of 25%, 50% and 25% against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa respectively This study justifies the use of the leaves in traditional medicine practice as therapeutic agents and can explain the long history use of these plants. This research work has shown that Ocimum gratissimum has potential antibacterial components that are responsible for it’s antibacterial activities.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table
of Contents v
List
of Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims
and Objectives of Study 3
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 4
2.1 The
Genus Ocimum 5
2.2 Test Organisms 7
2.2.1 Escherichia
coli 7
2.2.2 Staphylococcus aureus 9
2.2.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials
and Method 12
3.1 Study Area 12
3.2 Materials 12
3.3 Sample Collection 12
3.4 Test Organisms 13
3.5 Confirmation of Test Isolate 13
3.5.1 Morphological appearance 13
3.5.2 Gram
Staining 13
3.5.3 Motility
test 14
3.5.4 Biochemical tests 14
3.6 Preparation of Crude Extracts 17
3.7 Preparation of Concentration of Plant
Extract 17
3.8 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 17
3.8.1 Agar-Well Diffusion Method 17
3.8.2 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal
Concentration (MBC) Test 18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result
19
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 28
5.1 Discussion 28
5.2 Conclussion and Recommendation 29
5.3 Recommendation 29
References 33
LIST
OF TABLES
TABLE
|
TITLE
|
PAGE
|
1
|
Morphological Characteristics
of the Isolates
|
20
|
2
|
Biochemical
Identification Of Isolates
|
21
|
3
|
Diameter of zones of
inhibition (mm) of extracts against S.
aureus
|
22
|
4
|
Diameter of zones of
inhibition (mm) of extracts against E.
coli
|
23
|
5
|
Diameter
of zones of inhibition (mm) of extracts against P. aeruginosa
|
24
|
6
|
MIC, MBC of extracts
against S. aureus (mg/ml)
|
25
|
7
|
MIC, MBC of extracts
against E. coli (mg/ml)
|
26
|
8
|
MIC, MBC of extracts
against P. aeruginosa (mg/ml)
|
27
|
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Medicinal plants are of great importance
to the health of individual and the communities. The medicinal value of some
plants lies in some chemical substances that produce definite physiological
actions in the human body. The most important of these bioactive constituents
are alkaloids, tannis, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Many of these indigenous
medicinal plants are used as spices and food plants (Okwu, 2001). An Ethno
botanical and ubiquitous plant serves as rich resources of natural drugs for
research and development (Kong et al, 2008). Medicinal plants based
drugs owe the advantage of being simple, effective and exhibit broad spectrum
activity. The revival of interest in the use and importance of African medical
plants by WHO and many developing countries has led to intensified efforts on
the documentation of ethnomedical data of medicinal efforts. This is because
most traditional healers keep no records and their information is passed on
mainly verbally from generation to generation. . Researchers are increasingly
turning their attention to natural products looking for new leads to develop better
drugs against cancer, as well as viral and microbial infections. In the coastal
area of Nigeria, the plant Ocimum gratissimum is used in the treatment
of epilepsy, high fever and diarrhea. Ocimum gratissimum (Scent leaf) is
a perennial plant which is widely distributed in the tropics of Africa and
Asia. It belongs to the family Labiatae and it as the most abundant of the
genus Ocimum. In the southern part of Nigeria, it is called “Efirin nla”
by the Yoruba speaking tribe. “Nichonwu” in Igbo while in the northern part of
Nigeria, it is called “Daidoga” (Effraim, et al., 2003). Leaf extract of
Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopiea were analyzed against
five pathogenic organisms. Staphylococcus aureaus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactobacilli (Ijeh et
al, 2004).The findings justifies the application of Ocimum gratussimum in
dermatological cream and indicate the effective doses could be achieved at very
low concentration and also shows that the aqueous fractions of both plants have
more potential as antimicrobial agents than their ethanolic fractions (Ijeh et
al., 2004). There is growing interest in exploiting plants for medicinal
purposes especially in Africa. This stems from the fact that microorganisms are
developing resistance to many drugs and as such created situation where some of
the common and less expensive antimicrobial agents are losing effectiveness.
Herbal medicine which uses medicinal plants primarily presents as an
alternative to such situation. These medicinal plants have immensely
contributed to the development of human health and welfare. Concomitantly,
there is an increase in data and huge patronage to herbal products round the
world (Arekemase et al., 2011).
Medicinal plants such as Ocimum gratissimum and Piper guineense have
been asserted to provide various culinary and medicinal properties. These
medicinal properties exert bacteriostatic and bacteriocidal effects on some
bacteria. These effects have been attributed to the peptides, alkalonoids,
essential oils, phenols and flavonols which are major components in these
plants (Okigbo and Igwe, 2007). O. gratissimum belongs to the family leguminocaeae,
commonly known as “alfavaca”. It is naturally used in the treatment of
different diseases which include: upper respiratory tract infections, diarrhea,
headache, conjunctivitis, skin disease, pneumonia tooth and gum disorder, fever
and as mosquito repellants. O. gratissimum is found in the tropical and
warm temperature regions such as India and Nigeria (Okigbo and Ogbonnaya,
2006). Some of the vernacular names in Nigeria include: (Ncho-anwu, Ahuji)
Igbo, (Efinrin,) Yoruba, (Aramogbo) Edo and (Daidoya) Hausa (Effraim et al., 2000). O. gratissimum has
been described to have other species in the flora of tropical West Africa.
These include: Ocimum viride Linn, Ocimum suave Linn, Ocimum
basilicum Linn and Ocimum canum Sims. Matasyoh et al., (2007)
reported their numerous medical uses. The Ocimum oil has been described
to be active against several species of bacteria and fungi. These include Listeria
monocytogenes, Shigella, Salmonella and Proteus, for fungi Trichophyton
rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Cryptococcus neoformans, Penicillum
islandi cum, and Candida albicans (Akinyemi et al., 2004). From
recent findings, O. gratissimum has proved to be useful in the
medication for people living with Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV), and
Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome virus AIDs (Elujoba, 2000). In Congo, O.
gratissimum decoction is used for gonorrheal infection, vaginal douches for
metritis and vaginitis and used in treatment of mental illness (Effraim et al., 2000).
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
·
The aim of this present
work is to evaluate the antibacterial
effects of the medicinal plant leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on
some selected pathogens isolated from wound infection.
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