ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants are of great importance to the health of individual and the communities. The medicinal value of some plants lies in some chemical substances that produce definite physiological actions in the human body. The aim of this study is to determine the susceptibilities of bacteria pathogens to antibiotics and extracts of Ocimum gratissimum. Fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum were collected from Ubani main market in Umuahia, Abia state and was transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis Stock cultures of the bacterial isolates were collected from Research Institute Microbiology Laboratory Unit, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. The isolates were subjected to Gram staining and other biochemical tests according to standard procedures and identified as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp. After microbial analysis, different concentrations of water extract of the Ocimum gratissimum used were 25mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 15mg/m 10mg/ml and 5mg/ml. But none of the concentration inhibited any of the test organisms while ethanolic extracts used were 25mg/ml, 20mg/ml, 15mg/ml, 10mg/ml and 5mg/ml. 25mg/ml, inhibited all the 4 isolates, while 20mg/ml and 15mg/ml inhibited E. coli, Pseudomonas aerugonosa and Klebsiella species. The MIC on S. aureus is 25mg/ml, on E. coli is 15mg/ml, on Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 15mg/ml and Klebsiella species is 15mg/ml. The different control drugs used were Ciprofloxacin, Gentamycin, Streptomycin, Amoxil and Erythromycin. Ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and streptomycin, inhibited all the isolates. Amoxil inhibited all the isolates except S. aureus while erythromycin did not inhibit any of the isolates. This study justifies the use of the leaves in traditional medicine practice as a therapeutic agent and can explain the long history use of these plants. This research work has shown that Ocimum gratissimum has potential antibacterial components that are responsible for its antibacterial activities.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
Lists of Tables iv
Abstract
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and
Objectives of the study 3
1.2
Specific objective 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review 4
2.1
The Genus Ocimum 5
2.2 Bacterial
Pathogens 7
2.2.1 Escherichia coli 7
2.2.2
Staphylococcus aureus 9
2.3.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Material And Method 12
3.1 Collection of Samples 12
3.2 Media Used 12
3.3 Sterilization 12
3.4 Collection of Test Organisms 12
3.5
Microbiological Serial Dilution 13
3.6 Characterization of Isolates 13
3.6.1 Gram Staining 13
3.7 Biochemical and Cultural Characteristics 13
3.7.1 Catalase test 13
3.7.2 Coagulase Test 14
3.7.3 Citrate Test 14
3.7.4 Indole Test 14
3.7.5
Oxidase Test 15
3.7.6
Urease Test 15
3.7.7 Motility Test 15
3.7.8 Hydrogen Sulphide Production Test 15
3.7.9 Sugar Fermentation Test 16-17
3.8 Preparations of Plant
Extracts 17
3.9 Phytochemical Analysis 17
3.10 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 17
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
Discussion, Conclusion and
Recommendation 23
5.1 Discussion
24
5.2 Conclusion 24
5.3 Recommendation 24 References
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title
Page
1
Morphological and Biochemical identification of the isolated bacteria 18
2
Minimum inhibitory concentration of aqueous extract on the isolates 19
3
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Ethanol Extract on the Isolates 20
4
Diameter zone of inhibition of the control drug on the isolates 21
5
The phytochemical screening of the aqueous extracts and ethanolic extracts 22
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Medicinal
plants are of great importance to the health of individual and the communities.
The medicinal value of some plants lies in some chemical substances that
produce definite physiological actions in the human body. The most important of
these bioactive constituents are alkaloids, tannis, flavonoids and phenolic
compounds. Many of these indigenous medicinal plants are used as spices and
food plants (Okwu, 2001). An Ethno botanical and ubiquitous plant serves as
rich resources of natural drugs for research and development (Kong et al, 2008).
Medicinal plants based drugs owe the advantage of being simple, effective and
exhibit broad spectrum activity. The revival of interest in the use and
importance of African medical plants by WHO and many developing countries has
led to intensified efforts on the documentation of ethnomedical data of
medicinal efforts. This is because most traditional healers keep no records and
their information is passed on mainly verbally from generation to generation. .
Researchers are increasingly turning their attention to natural products
looking for new leads to develop better drugs against cancer, as well as viral
and microbial infections. In the coastal area of Nigeria, the plant Ocimum
gratissimum is used in the treatment of epilepsy, high fever and diarrhea. Ocimum
gratissimum (Scent leaf) is a perennial plant which is widely distributed
in the tropics of Africa and Asia. It belongs to the family Labiatae and it as
the most abundant of the genus Ocimum. In the southern part of Nigeria,
it is called “Efirin nla” by the Yoruba speaking tribe. “Nchanwu” in Igbo while
in the northern part of Nigeria, it is called “Daidoga” (Effraim, et al.,
2003). Leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum and Xylopia aethiopiea
were analyzed against five pathogenic organisms. Staphylococcus aureaus,
Escherichia coli, Streptococcus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Lactobacilli (Ijeh et al, 2004).The findings justifies the
application of Ocimum gratussimum in dermatological cream and indicate
the effective doses could be achieved at very low concentration and also shows
that the aqueous fractions of both plants have more potential as antimicrobial
agents than their ethanolic fractions (Ijeh et al., 2004). There is
growing interest in exploiting plants for medicinal purposes especially in
Africa. This stems from the fact that microorganisms are developing resistance
to many drugs and as such created situation where some of the common and less
expensive antimicrobial agents are losing effectiveness. Herbal medicine which
uses medicinal plants primarily presents as an alternative to such situation.
These medicinal plants have immensely contributed to the development of human
health and welfare. Concomitantly, there is an increase in data and huge
patronage to herbal products round the world (Arekemase et al., 2011). Medicinal plants such as Ocimum gratissimum and
Piper guineense have been asserted to provide various culinary and
medicinal properties. These medicinal properties exert bacteriostatic and
bacteriocidal effects on some bacteria. These effects have been attributed to
the peptides, alkalonoids, essential oils, phenols and flavonols which are
major components in these plants (Okigbo and Igwe, 2007). O. gratissimum belongs
to the family leguminocaeae, commonly known as “alfavaca”. It is
naturally used in the treatment of different diseases which include: upper
respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, headache, conjunctivitis, skin disease,
pneumonia tooth and gum disorder, fever and as mosquito repellants. O. gratissimum
is found in the tropical and warm temperature regions such as India and
Nigeria (Okigbo and Ogbonnaya, 2006). Some of the vernacular names in Nigeria
include: (Nchanwu, Ahuji) Igbo, (Efinrin,) Yoruba, (Aramogbo) Edo and (Daidoya)
Hausa (Effraim et al., 2000). O.
gratissimum has been described to have other species in the flora of
tropical West Africa. These include: Ocimum viride Linn, Ocimum suave
Linn, Ocimum basilicum Linn and Ocimum canum Sims. Matasyoh et al.,
(2007) reported their numerous medical uses. The Ocimum oil
has been described to be active against several species of bacteria and fungi.
These include Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella, Salmonella and Proteus,
for fungi Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes,
Cryptococcus neoformans, Penicillum islandi cum, and Candida
albicans (Akinyemi et al., 2004). From recent findings, O.
gratissimum has proved to be useful in the medication for people living
with Human Immuno deficiency Virus (HIV), and Acquired Immuno Deficiency
Syndrome virus AIDs (Elujoba, 2000). In Congo, O. gratissimum decoction
is used for gonorrheal infection, vaginal douches for metritis and vaginitis
and used in treatment of mental illness (Effraim et al., 2000).
1.1 Aim and Objectives of
the study:
The
aim of this research is to determine the susceptibilities of bacteria pathogens
to antibiotics and extracts of Ocimum
gratissimum
1.2 Specific objective
are:
1. To
isolate and identify bacterial pathogen
2. To
determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacteria pathogens to
different leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum.
3. To
compare the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics to that of Ocimum gratissimum.
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