ABSTRACT
Methanol and water extracts of J. curcas and G. latifolium were prepared in different concentration of 0.5mg/l to 5mg/l. Methanol extract showed more inhibitory properties over water extract. Gongrenema latifolium exhibited high inhibitory effect than J.curcas. The diameter of zone of inhibition of J.curcas range from 6mm to 10mm and 6mm to 14mm for water and methanol extracts respectively while the diameter zone of inhibition for G. latifolium range from 6mm to 10mm and 6mm to 26mm for water and methanol extract respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of J.curcas on E. coli was 0.5mg/l and 2.5mg/l on S. aureus and Salmonella typhi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of G. latifolium on E. coli was 1mg/l while S. aureus and Salmonella typhi was 2.5mg/l. Therefore, the result obtained indicated that the extracts of Gongronema latifolium and Jatropha curcas possess antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli. Jatropha curcas are efficacious for the remedy of boils, carbouncle and other entero-infection cause by Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Salmonella typhi.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents v
List of Tables viii
List of plants ix
List of plates x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Aim and Objectives 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Literature
Review 4
2.1.1 Phytomedicine 4
2.1.2 Characteristics
of Phytomedicine 5
2.2 The Demand for Phytomedicine 5
2.3
Benefits
of Phytomedicines 5
2.3.1 Therapeutic
benefits 5
2.3.2 Plants
with Medicinal Values 7
2.4 Main Leaves of Study 9
2.4.1 Jatropha
curcas (origin and distribution) 9
2.4.2
Cultivation 9
2.4.3
Medicinal properties 10
2.5 Gongronema
latifolium (Utazi) (Origin and distribution) 10
2.5.1 Traditional and medicinal uses 11
2.6
Biology and Pathogeneicty of Test
Organism 12
2.6.1 Escherichia coli 12
2.6.2 Staphylococcus aureus 13
2.6.3 Salmonella
typhi 14
2.7
Major groups of antimicrobial
compounds from plants 15
2.8 Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to
antibiotics 19
2.8.1 Actions
of some antibiotic during cell wall synthesis 20
CHAPTER
THREE
3.1
Materials
and Methods 21
3.2 Collection
of plant sample 21
3.2.1 Materials
used 21
3.2.2 Media
used 21
3.2.3 Reagents
used 21
3.3
Preparation of the pant
extract 22
3.3.1 Methanol
extract preparation 22
3.3.2 Cold
water extract preparation 22
3.4
Isolation of
microorganisms 24
3.5
Gram staining 24
3.6
Biochemical tests 24
3.7
Sterility test of the Jatropha crucas and Gongronema
latifolium leaves extracts 29
3.8
Preparation Of Disc 29
3.8.1 Disc
diffusion method 29
3.8.2 Determination
of antibacterial properties of the extracts 30
3.8.3 Determination
of minimum inhibitory concentration 30
3.9
Phytochemical Analysis 30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 32
4.1 Interpretation
of Zone of the Inhibition 32
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and
Recommendation 41
5.1 Discussion 41
5.2 Conclusion 43
5.3 Recommendation 44
References
Appendix
1: Culture Media
Appendix
2: Sensitivity Plates
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1
Triple sugar iron agar test 28
2 Morphological and Biochemical
Characterization 33
3 Diameter of Zone of Inhibition of Different concentration
of the extract 34
4 Diameter of zone of inhibition of different concentration
of the extract 35
5 Antibiotic of Plant extract on tested
bacterial isolates 38
6 Phytochemical screening of Jatropha curcas and Gongronema
latifolium 40
LIST OF
PLANTS
Plant Page
1
Gongronema
latifolium 23
2
Jatropha
curcas 23
LIST OF
PLATES
Plate Page
1
Salmonella
typhi 36
2
E.
coli 37
3
Staphylococcus
aureus 37
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The
treatment and control of disease by the use of available medicinal plants in a
locality will continue to play significant role in medical health care
implementation in the developing countries. The intractable problems of
antimicrobial resistance has led to the resurgence of interest in herbal
products as sources of noble compound to suppress or possible eradicate the
ever-increasing problems of emergence of newer diseases though to be brought
under control (Wurochekker et al.,
2007). There is a growing interest in plants with antimicrobial activity.
Scientist are increasingly becoming involved in the screening of such plants
with the aim of establishing their potential antimicrobial effects and identifying
the compounds responsible for the antimicrobial properties (Aibinu et al., 2007; Ndukwe et al., 2007). Traditional medicine
using plants extract continues to provide health coverage for over 80% of the
world’s population, especially in developing countries (WHO, 2002).
Jatropha
species belong to the family Euphorbiaceeae and are used in traditional for
folk medicine to cure ailments in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Jatropha curcas is commonly called
physic nut Barbados nut and purging. Previous studies have reported that the plants
exhibits bioactive activities for fever,
mouth infections, jaundice, guinea worm sores and joint rheumatic (Oliver-Bever,
2000). Aiyelaagbe (2001) reported that anti-parasitic activity of the sap and
crushed leaves of J. curcas. The
water extract of the branches also strongly inhibited HIV induced cytopathic
effects with low cytotoxicity. Previous works have shown that many Jatropha species possess antimicrobial activities
(Aiyelaagbe, 2001). The caparison of phytochemicals of old and new growth leaves
from Nine trees used medically in Nigeria shows that Jatrophacurcas contains saponin, tannin, steroid, alkaloid, phenols
and flavonoid (Fasola and Egunyomi, 2005). J.
curcas leaves have significant variability in their morphology. In general,
the leaves are green to pale green alternate to sub-opposite and three to five
labeled with a spiral phyllotaxis (Nahar and Ozore-hampton, 2011). Herbs that
have tannin as their main components are astringent in nature and are used for
treating intestinal disorders such as diarrhoea and dysentery (Kan, 2002).
Gongronemalatifolium, known
as Utazi in the south-eastern and Adkekein the South Western part of Nigeria,
is a tropical rainforest plants which belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae (Ugochukwu
and Baddy, 2002; Ugochukwu et al.,
2003). It is a climber with a tuberous base found in deciduous forests from Guinea-Bissau
to western Cameroons. Various parts of these pants, particularly the stems and
leaves are used as chew-sticks or liquor in places such as sierra-0leone. The
liquor, usually obtained after the plants is sliced and boiled with lime juice
or infused in water for over three days, is frequently taken as a purge for
colic and stomach pains as well as to treat symptoms connected with worn
infection (Okafor, 1975). The plants have also been widely used in folk
medicine for maintaining healthy blood glucose levels (Okafor, 1987, 1989). The
plants leaves have been found very efficacious as an anti-diarrhoea and anti-tussive
(Sofowora, 1982; Iwu, 1993).
Staphylococcus is
a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of
infection of various tissues of the body. Staphylococcus-related illness can
range from mild and requiring no treatment to severe and potentially fatal.
Staphylococcus bacteria look like a bunch of grapes or little round berries. They
are gram positive, facultative anaerobic, usually un-encapsulated cocci (Todar,
2008). Over 30 different types of Staphylococcus
can infect humans, but must infections are caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococci
can be found normally in the nose and on the skin (and less commonly in other
locations) of around 35 to 30% of healthy adults and in 25% of hospital workers
(Enright et al., 2002). In the
majority of cases, the bacteria do not cause disease. However, damage to the
skin or other injury may which may allow the bacteria to overcome the natural
protective mechanisms of the body, leading to infection. Leaching to infection,
Staphylococcus aureus constitute a
major public health threat, being one of the most common cause of hospital and
community acquired infections (Aires-de-Sousa et al., 2006). These organisms are carried by people on skin, in boils,
pimples and throat infections. Spread when carriers handle food. S. aureus bacteria produce toxins
(poisons) at warm temperatures. Meat, poultry, salads, cheese-eggs, custards
and cream filled desserts are susceptible food. Food poisoning symptoms include
vomiting, diarrhoea, nuasea and abdominal cramps lasting up to 1 to 2 days. Staphylococcus
infections are contagious until the infection has resolved. It is on record
that of all Staphylococcus aureus
infections in the U.S are resistant to penicillin, tetracycline and
erythromycin and Vancomycin. The same can be said to the organisms in most
parts of the world. According to Prasad et
al., (2008), the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains throughout
the globe limits the effectiveness of current drugs and significantly limits
treatment, leading to prolonged infections. The increasing resistance of
bacteria to antibiotics is kindly due to the misuse and over prescription of
drugs. As resistance to antibiotic spreads, the development of new
antimicrobial agents has to be expedited if the problem is to be contained.
There is therefore a need to develop new antibiotics to delay or prevent the
arrival of post-antibiotics to delay or prevent the arrival of a
post-antibiotic era.
1.1
AIM
AND OBJECTIVES
1. To
determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of the plants extracts (Jatropha curcas and Gongrenema latofolium) against the Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi
and Staphylococcus aureus.
2. To
compare the degree of effectiveness of the cold water and methanolic extracts
against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus.
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