ABSTRACT
Antibacterial properties of Ocimum gratissimum was determined and tested against pure cultures of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Water and Ethanol were used for the extraction of the active constituent of the plants. The phytochemical analysis carried out on the plant revealed the presence of Tannin, Saponin, glycoside and alkaloid. Aqueous extract of Ociumum gratissimum showed no inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli. The extract inhibited Staphylococcus aureus only at 100% and 80% concentration with zone of inhibition diameter of 100mm and 9mm the Ethanol extract of the plant showed the mean zone diameter of inhibition. The highest zone of inhibition 30mm and 20mm was recorded against Escherichia coli at 100% and 80% concentration. The least inhibitory effect was observed with Staphylococcus aureus (7mm) at 20% concentration the minimum inhibitory concentration of the different plant extract showed that there was no activity observed with aqueous extract against Escherichia coli, but the minimum inhibitory concentration of the ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 80%. The result of this study suggests the possibility of using the ethanolic extract in treating the diseases caused by the test organisms.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of contents iv
List of tables vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Aims and objectives 2
1.2 Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1Antibacterial activity of Ocimum gratissimum 12
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 14
3. 1 Collection of
plant materials 14
3.2 Media
used and its preparation 14
3.3
Sterilization 14
3.4
Sources of test organisms 14
3.5 Test for Authentication of test organisms 15
3.5.0 Gram
staining 15
3.5.1 Catalase
test 15
3.5.2 Coagulase
test 15
3.5.3 Citrate test 16
3.5.4Motility, Indole, Urea 16
3.5.5 Triple sugar iron test 17
3.5.6 Oxidase test 17
3.6Preparation of plant
extracts 17
3.7 Phytochemical
analysis 18
3.7.0 Test for Alkaloid 18
3.7.1 Test for glycoside 18
3.7.2Test for flavonoid
18
3.7.3 Test for tannin 18
3.8 Antibiotic
sensitivity testing 19
3.8.0 Determination of
minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 20
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Results 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion 27
5.2Recommendations 28
5.3Conclusions 28
Reference
29
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Title Page
1. Phytochemical
constituents of leaf extract of Ocimum
gratissimum 22
2. Diameter
of mean zone of inhibition of aqueous of Ocimum
gratissimum
tested organisms. 23
3. Diameter
of mean zone of inhibition of ethanol extract of Ocimum
gratissimum
against tested organisms. 24
4. Minimum
inhibitory concentration of two different extracts of Ocimum
gratissiumum
against the test organisms. 25
5. Biochemical
and cultural characteristics of test isolates. 26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Medicinal
plants are of great importance to the health of individual and thecommunities.
The medicinal values of some plants lies in some chemical substancesthat
produce definite physiological actions in the human body. The most important
ofthese bioactive constituents are alkaloids, tannis, flavonoids and phenolic
compounds.Many of these indigenous medicinal plants are used as spices and food
plants (Okwu, 1999). An Ethno botanical and ubiquitous plant serves as rich
resources of naturaldrugs for research and development (Kong et al, 2008).
Medicinal plants based drugsowe the advantage of being simple, effective and
exhibit broad spectrum activity. Therevival of interest in the use and
importance of African medical plants by WHO andmany developing countries has
led to intensified efforts on the documentation ofethnomedical data of
medicinal efforts. This is because most traditional healers keep norecords and
their information is passed on mainly verbally from generation togeneration. .
Researchers are increasingly turning their attention to natural productslooking
for new leads to develop better drugs against cancer, as well as viral
andmicrobial infections. The phytochemical evaluation of Ocimumgratissimumshows
thatit is rich in alkaloid, tannins, phytates, flavonoids and Oligosaccharides
(Ijehet al., 2004). In the coastal area of Nigeria, the plant Ocimumgratissimumis
used in thetreatment of epilepsy, high fever and diarrhea (Sofowora 1993). Ocimumgratissimum(Scent
leaf) is a perennial plant which is widely distributed in the tropics of Africa
andAsia. It belongs to the family Labiatae and it as the most abundant of the
genusOcimum. In the southern part of Nigeria, it is called “Efirinnla”
by the Yoruba speakingtribe. “Nichonwu” in Igbo while in the northern part of
Nigeria, it is called “Daidoga”(Effraim, et al; 2003). Leaf extract of Ocimumgratissimumand
Xylopiaaethiopieawere analyzed against five pathogenic organisms. Staphylococcus
aureaus, Escherichiacoli, Streptococcus fecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Lactobacilli (Ijehet al,2004).The findings justifies the application
of Ocimumgratussimumin dermatologicalcream and indicate the effective
doses could be achieved at very low concentration andalso shows that the
aqueous fractions of both plants have more potential asantimicrobial agents
than their ethanolic fractions (Ijehet al., 2004).
Plants
are sources of medicine in pharmacopoeia. Herbal medicine can be used as analternative
to some commercial drugs. As a result, some people resort to natural leaves forthe
treatment of infection. The antimicrobial properties of many plants have
beeninvestigated by a number of researchers word wide (Adamuet al.,2005). Medicinal use of plants
ranges fromthe administration of the roots, barks, stems, leaves and seeds to
the use of extracts anddecoctions from the plants (Ogbulie et al.,2007).
Medicinal
plants are used as excellent antimicrobial agent because they posses variety
ofchemical constituents in nature. Plants have the ability to synthesize
aromatic substancessuch as phenolic, (e.g), phenolic acid, flavonoids,
quinines, coumarins, lignans, stibenes,tannins), Nitrogen compound (alkaloids,
amines) vitamins, terpenoids (including carotenoids)and some other endogenous
metabolites. These substances serve as plants defensemechanism against
predation by microbes, insects, and herbivores (Bharathi and Shanmuga.2011).
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The
aim of this is study to investigate the antibacterial and phytochemical
composition of Ocimumgratissimum.
1.2
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the antimicrobial effect ofOcimumgratissimumon some selected gram
positive and gram negative organisms.
2. To determine the phytochemical components of the
leaf extracts.
3. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration
of the leaf extracts on the selected gram positive and gram negative organisms.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment