ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of different toothpastes on dental bacterial. Oral samples were collected before early morning brushing with water from students. Five brands of toothpaste namely Close up, Maclean, oral B, Darbur herbal and Coalgate were tested for their antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp, and Escherichia coli using agar disc diffusion method at different concentrations. Biochemical characterization, Minimum inhibitory concentration were also determined. This study proved that triclosan and sodium fluoride containing toothpaste formulations is more effective in the control of oral micro flora compared to non triclosan containing toothpaste. Based on this study, Coalgate toothpaste are potent antibacterial agent in combating carries causing bacteria and should be comfortably used by individual as suitable oral care product for preventing dental infections, followed by oral B, Darbur herbal, Close up, and the least was Maclean toothpaste.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of contents v
Lists of Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of Study 1
1.2 Statement
of Problems 3
1.3
Justification 3
1.4 Significance
of the Study 3
1.5
Aim 3
1.6 Specific
Objectives 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE
REVIEW 5
2.1 Types
of Toothpaste 6
2.1.1 Anti
decay toothpaste 6
2.1.2 Desensitizing
toothpaste 6
2.1.3 Anti-plaque
toothpaste 7
2.1.4 Anti- calculus toothpaste: 7
2.1.5 Whitening
toothpaste: 7
2.3 Composition
of Toothpaste 7
2.4 Classification
of Toothpastes 9
2.5
Oral Organisms 10
2.6 Oral
Health 10
2.7
Oral Candidiasis 11
2.8 Causes
of Dental Caries 11
2.8.1 Causes
of tooth decay 12
2.8.2 Gingivitis 12
2.8.3 Periodontitis 13
2.8.4 Prevention
of oral diseases 13
2.8.5 Causes
of teeth decay 13
2.8.6 Hygiene 16
2.8.6.1 Important
Oral Hygiene 16
2.8.6.2 Dental
problems related to poor oral hygiene 17
2.8.6.3 Oral
hygiene, gum disease and heart disease 21
CHAPTER THREE:
MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Collection
of Sample 22
3.2 Sterility
22
3.3 Culture
media and Preparation 22
3.4 Isolation
of Microorganisms from the Mouth 22
3.5 Subculture 23
3.6 Characterization
and Identification of the bacteria Isolates 23
3.7 To
Determine Antibacterial Activity of some Toothpaste 23
3.8 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration
(MIC)
of the Various Toothpaste 23
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 25
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION 34
5.1 Conclusion 36
5.2 Recommendation 37
References 38
Appendix 41
LIST OF
TABLES
Table 4.1: Identification and Characteristics of Isolates 27
Table 4.2: Zone of inhibition (mm) of the five toothpaste
against
Staphylococcus aureus 28
Table 4.3: Zone of inhibition (mm) of
the five toothpaste against Escherchia
. coli 29
Table 4.4: Zone of inhibition (mm) of the five toothpaste against Streptococcus spp 30
Table 4.5: Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Result
of Minimum inhibitory concentration of various
toothpaste
on Staphylococcus aureus 31
Table 4.6: Result of Minimum inhibitory concentration of various
toothpaste
on Streptococcus spp 32
Table 4.7: Result of Minimum inhibitory concentration of various
toothpaste
on Eschericha coli 33
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
The
human mouth is a home to millions of microorganisms. Although most are
harmless, some can cause oral infection such as tooth decay or gum disease.
These microorganisms feed on leftover food particles and products acid and
volatile sulfur molecules, acid damages the tooth enamel which can lead to the
formation of cavities while volatile sulfur molecules cause bad breath. Oral
cavity is also an essential sterile, warm and moist environment or incubator
containing various nutritional substances that favour the growth of some normal
flora, continuously bathed with saliva and has a PH of between 6.75 and7.25.
Thus, the oral cavity is inhabited by hundreds of bacterial species that play
vital roles in maintaining oral health or in shifting to a diseased states such
as dental caries (Gibbons and Houte, 1990).The burden of dental caries is still
a major health problem in most industrialized countries affecting 60-90% of
most school children and a vast majority of adult. The accumulation and
metabolism of bacteria on teeth and implants surface are considered the primary
cause of caries, gingivitis, periodontitis etc. (Newman et al., 2006).The flora of normal healthy
dentate mouth has 85%, streptococci, veillionella, gram positive diptheroids
,gram negative anaerobic rod,5-7% of Neisseria,2% lactobacilli, 2% filamentous
bacteria,1% staphylococci and Micrococci. The remainders are other bacteria,
fungi, protozoa and viruses (Todar, 2012). Candida
albicans is the most common yeast isolated from the oral cavity. Poor oral
hygiene is one of the reasons for accumulation of these microbes and their
harmful activities (Manupati, 2011). According to the American Dental
Association, toothpastes are pastes, gel or powder that helps to remove plaque,
a film of bacteria that forms on teeth and gum. Toothpaste is also a paste or
gel used with a toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics
and health of teeth (ADA, 2012). Teeth, also called dentifrices is essential to
daily oral hygiene routine and have been prepared in several forms such as
powders pastes and gels The most popular forms are the pastes and gel with over
five billion tubes used worldwide each year. However when cleaning teeth with a
toothbrush and toothpaste, the essential cleaning is done by the mechanical
brushing, and not by the active toothpaste chemicals, the toothpaste mainly
improves the mechanical brushing and cleaning power of a toothbrush. The
purpose of oral hygiene using toothpaste is to reduce fluoride to the teeth
(Dilip et al., 2008).This is because fluoride has been
proven to protect teeth against attack from bacterial , it helps remove plaque,
prevent tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel and can be found naturally in
many everyday things including food and drinking water (Reynolds,1994).
Studies
have shown that tooth paste has a key in helping to remove dental plaque; the
major cause of dental caries and periodontal disease (George et al., 2008;
Barnes et al., 2010; Thomas et al., 2010; Okpalugo
et al., 2009).Today, modern developments in toothpaste have led to the
addition of Anti-microbial chemotherapeutic agent to improve oral health or as
a means of reducing the levels of oral bacteria, specifically streptococcus
mutans (Forward,1991).Tooth pastes are the major products for routinely
administering effective cosmetic and therapeutic agents in the mouth. These
products are the most widely used by consumers, generating the largest sales of
all dental products. Thus, Dentifrices are designed to solve specific or
certain dental problems examples cavity protection, plaque and gingivitis
prevention, tooth whitening, tooth sensitivity relief, tartar control, fresh
breath and to prevent fluorosis in children (Reynolds, 1994). Essential oil,
such as eucalyptol, menthol and thymol, frequently used to flavouring in oral
product, can also contribute to the antiseptic properties of these products. When
these substances are added to oral product, they kill microorganisms by
disrupting their cell walls and inhibiting their enzymatic activity. They
prevent bacterial aggregation, slow multiplication and release endotoxins
(Bou-chacra, et al., 200)
1.2 Statement of problems
The researchers
observed that Dental health issues related to microbial infection are on the
increase inspite of daily use of sodium fluoride containing tooth paste by
people.
1.3
Justification
This
study is design to provide information on the sodium fluoride and triclosan concentration
of tooth paste that will effectively reduce oral bacteria.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Studies have shown that
dental problems are due to microbial infection, dental problems are of three
types, formation of dental plague, dental cries and periodontal disease
(Manupati, 2011). A wide range of antimicrobial agents have been added to tooth
paste in other to produce a direct inhibitory effect on plaque formation. (fine
et al, 2016, Pannuti et al 2003).
The addition of
antimicrobial agent such as fluoride, triclosan to tooth paste has been
suggested as one of possible method to improve the efficacy of mechanical tooth
cleaning procedure (fine et al, 2006)
1.6
Aim
·
To determine the
microbiological quality and antibacterial activity of different brands of
toothpaste in Nigeria.
1.6 Specific
Objectives
·
To isolate, identify and
characterize microbiota
·
To determine the
antibacterial efficacy of some tooth paste
·
To determine the minimum
inhibitory concentration of various toothpaste on isolates
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