ABSTRACT
The study was conducted with the aim of isolating Samonella from different brands and types of poultry feeds sold in Umuahia and testing its sensitivity with extracts of Emilia sonchiofolia. The extracts used were Water, Ethanol and Methanol. The various feed samples were analyzed by culturing on Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) and series of biochemical tests were carried out to confirm the identity of the test organism (Salmonella). Total Viable Count (TVC) of all the samples were counted separately on nutrient agar. The Total Viable Counts was low in the starter feeds with the mean value of 60.95x105cfu/g while grower and layer feeds had the highest counts of 75.87x105cfu/g and 78.78x105cfu/g respectively. Salmonella had the highest frequency in layer feed. The antibacterial activity of the extracts of E.sonchiofolia on Salmonella isolates from poultry feeds shows significant variation (p<0.05) in the activity of different solvent extracts of E.sonchiofolia. The ethanolic extract of the plant had more significant inhibitory effect ranging from16.00mm to 16.33mm in the grower feed, while the starter feed ranged from 14.33mm to 15.00mm. The effect of the standard antibiotics (chloramphenicol) on the isolates ranged from 21.33mm to 21.67mm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of E. sonchiofolia on Salmonella was observed in Amo grower feed with 13.7mm in the ethanol extract of grower feed. Both extracts has broad spectrum antibacterial activity and can serve as natural therapeutic agent against Salmonella. The wide spread occurrence of Salmonella in poultry feeds reinforces the need for effective control measures, hygiene in processing and handling of feeds.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
i
Certification
ii
Dedication
.iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of
content
v-vii
List of
tables viii
Abstract
ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0.Introduction
1-3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0.
Literature review
4
2.1.Historical
background of medicinal plant
4-5
2.2.Plants
with their medicinal used 5
2.3.Antibacterial
phytochemicals found in Emilia
sonchiofolia
5-9
2.4.Plant
authentication
10
2.5.Medicinal
value of Emilia sonchiofolia
11
2.6.The
test organism
11
2.6.1 Taxonomy
11
2.6.2 Disease
12
2.6.3 Antibacterial
resistance
12-13
2.6.4 Salmonella
in poultry
13
2.6.5 Host
specificity 13
2.6.6 Salmonella
viability in feed
14
2.6.7 Dissemination
of Salmonella 14-15
2.6.8 Capability
of modification
15
2.6.9 Factors
responsible for transfer of Salmonella
contamination
16-17
2.6.10 Salmonella
control measures in animal feed
18-20
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0.Materials
and methods
21
3.1.Source
of materials 21
3.2.Samples
preparation
21
3.3.Preparation
of sample extracts
22
3.4.Media
preparation
22
3.5.Isolation
of Salmonella from poultry feed 23
3.6.Confirmation
of the identity of Salmonella
isolates
24
3.7.Determination
of microbial load
24
3.8.Determination
of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0.Results
26-39
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0.Discussion 39-41
5.1.Conclusion 41
5.2.Recommendation 41
REFERENCE
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:
Percentage (%) yield of the extracts of Emilia
sonchiofolia…………………………30
Table 2: Phytochemical Screening of Emilia sonchiofolia…………………………………….…...31
Table 3:
Biochemical test results for the identification of Salmonella isolates of poultry feeds32
Table 4:
Total Viable Count (TVCcfu/g) of the poultry feeds sold in Umuahia………………33
Table
5: Occurrence of Salmonella isolates in poultry feeds sold in Umuahia…..……………34
Table
6: Antibacterial activity of extracts of Emilia sonchiofolia against Salmonella isolate from poultry feeds
(zones of inhibition in mm)……………………………………………………….35
Table
7: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of
Emilia sochiofolia extracts on Salmonella isolate from poultry feeds
(mg/ml)………………………………………………………………37
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Salmonella
is an enteric bacteria and a natural
inhabitant of the gut of man and animals. It is one of the common causes of
food borne disease in the world. Infections caused by Salmonella are considered to be one of the most widespread
foodborne diseases in the world and is of zoonotic nature (Osteron, 1999).
Anthony et al(2001) observed that widespread of
antibiotics in human and animal medicine which led to increase in the number of
resistant strains of Salmonella. Also
there is a high rate of abuse of antibiotics especially in developing countries
where antibiotics are bought in the open market without prescription and which
is associated with high prevalence of resistance among Salmonella isolates from food and animal sources (Enebulele et al., 2008).
There is therefore
increases search for alternative sources of novel antibiotics for the control
of resistant strains of bacteria including Salmonella.
The use of plant and
plant materials for the control and management of health challenges is an age
long practice in most part of the world. Plants part and plant extracts are
widely used in ethno medical formula with successes and this is attributed to
their phytochemical constituents.
The specie Emilia sonchiofolia belongs to the
family Asteraceae. It is an annual herbaceous plant growing up to 0.6m height.
It flowers from July to October and the seed ripen from August to October. The
flowers are hermaphrodite and insect pollinated. The plant is used in folklore
medicine for the treatment of tumor, inflammation, cough, rheumatism, cuts and
wounds. In China, the leaves of this plant are used against fever and dysentery
and also diarrhea (Bibitha, 2002).
The trial part of the
plants has been reported to contain alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenes (Akobundu
and Agyakara, 1987; Almagboul et al.,
1992). The tea made from the leaves of this plant (Emilia sonchiofolia) is used in African folk medicine for treatment
of dysentery (Duke and Ayensu, 1985).
The juice of the plant is
used in the treatment of eye inflammation, night blindness, cuts, and wounds
and sour ears (Chopra et al., 1986).
1.1
BACKBROUND
OF THIS STUDY
Enteric
pathogens are bacteria of the intestine and may be referred to as
·
Gut flora, which is
always present and usually harmless
·
Pathogenic bacteria of
bacterial gastroenteritis
·
The taxonomic family Enterobacteriaceae.
Gastroenteritis
is an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestine
characterized by nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain and weakness (Willey et al.,
2008). Enteric infections and diarrheal diseases constitute pervasive health
burdens throughout the world. Enteric pathogens are gastrointestinal organisms
spread by contamination of foods mainly of animal origin and among people who
may be carries. Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestine causing diarrhea
with blood. According to World Health Organization, diarrhea is the passage of
lose or liquid stools at an increased frequency. It occurs due to an imbalance
in the absorption and secretary mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa which
results in an increase in fluid and electrolytic loss into the gut lumen,
leading to the production of unformed, liquid feces (Jawetz et al., 1989). Diarrhea is one of the
leading causes of mortality and morbidity in developing countries especially in
children under five years. It is most commonly causes by enteric pathogens
which kill around 1.8 million people global each year. In China, the leaves of
the plant are used against fever, diarrhea and dysentery (Autor, 1969). In
African folk medicine tea made from leaves of the plants are used for treatment
of dysentery (Duke and Ayensu, 1985).
Against
this background, this project is designed to test the efficacy of leave
extracts of Emilia sonchiofolia against
Salmonella isolates from poultry
feeds.
1.2
AIMS
AND OBJECTIVES
The objective of this
project work is generally to study the antibacterial effect of the leave plant
extract of Emilia sonchiofolia on salmonella, isolated from poultry feeds.
The objective includes
specially the following;
1. To
produce extracts of the leave plant extract of Emilia sonchiofoliausing different solvents (water, ethanol,
methanol).
2. To
isolate Salmonella from three(3) different brands and types of poultry feeds.
3. To
test the sensitivity of poultry feed salmonella
isolates to each extract at different concentration, hence, determine the
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract.
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