ABSTRACT
This
research work was carried out to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition on
pregnant women in basic health centre Odode Idanre Ondo State, Akure. This
research work expatiated on the effect of malnutrition on pregnant women in
connection with improper nutrition. The data for this supply was obtained
through simple random techniques with the distribution of questionnaires, oral
interview and reviewing of existing health records at basic health centre in Ododo
Idanre. one hundred and ten (110) questionnaires were administered and analysis
was based on the one hundred (100) questionnaires recovered. After the analysis
of this work, it was discovered that some of the pregnant women had a very
sound knowledge of malnutrition and food but the fact is that some also are
still ignorance, are not fully inform on the important of nutrition. After
carried out the research, the pregnant women are now informed about the
important of taking adequate balanced diet to prevent malnutrition so that
subsequently whenever they are pregnant, they will know why they should be
eating adequate diet always to protect them to stay healthy. At the end of the
project recommendation the were made to government the farmers, mother/pregnant
women and the health workers on how to also prevent malnutrition in the
community among pregnant women by informing them on proper way to live healthy
or by eating adequate balance diets always in order to make them stay healthy
for both mother and the unborn baby.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledge
v-vii
Abstract
viii
Table of contents
ix-xii
List of tables
x
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1-2
Background of the study 2-3
Statement of the problem 3
Objectives of the study 3-4
Significance of the study 4
Assumption 4
Definition of terms 5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature 6-7
Knowledge
and beliefs of optimal diet during pregnancy and lactation 7
Illustrative
cultural belief of food preference and cravings during pregnancy 7-8
Importance
of nutrition in pregnancy and lactation 9
Pregnancy,
Lactation and Nutrition 9
Keypoints
regarding nutrition for pregnant and lactating women 10
Issue
that require special attention during pregnancy and lactation period. 10
Ways
to meet the nutritional during pregnancy and lactation 10-11
Additional
care required during pregnancy and lactation 11-12
Importance
of eating iron- rich foods 12
Importance of eating folate rich foods 12
Nutrition status in Nigeria 12-13
Nutrition counseling during pregnancy 13
Factors associated with malnutrition 13
Social
factors that can increase the risk of malnutrition 14
Physical
factors can also increase the risk of malnutrition 14
The malnutrition carousel 15
What are the consequences of malnutrition 15
Symptoms of malnutrition 16
Causes of malnutrition 16
Risk factor for mother 17
Risk factors for the baby 17
Types of malnutrition 18
Different types of undernutrition 19
Micronutrient malnutrition 19
Growth Failure 19
Prevention of malnutrition 20-21
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology 22
Study design 22
Study population 22
Study area 22
Sampling technique 23
Sampling size 23
Method of data collection 24
Ethical consideration 24
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data
presentation and analysis 25-37
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion, conclusion and
recommendation
Summary 38
Discussion of findings 38-41
Conclusion 41
Recommendation 41-42
REFERENCE 43-44
APPENDIX 45
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 1: Age distribution of the respondents 25
Table 2: Religion of the respondents 26
Table 3: Marital status of the respondents
26
Table 4: Tribe of the respondents 27
Table 5: Occupational status of the
respondents 27
Table 6: Educational status of the
respondents 28
Table 7: Income of the respondents 28
Table 8: Respondents’ knowledge about
malnutrition 29
Table 9: Number of pregnancy respondents’
have ever had 29
Table 10: places where respondents’
attends antenatal care 30
Table 11: How often do you attends
antenatal clinic. 30
Table 12: Respondents who have heard about
malnutrition during the health talks at antenatal clinic. 31
Table 13: Malnutrition causes complication
during pregnancy 31
Table 14: Causes of malnutrition in
pregnancy. 32
Table 15: People that are at risk of
malnutrition. 32
Table 16: signs and symptoms of
malnutrition in pregnancy. 33
Table 17: Malnutrition in pregnancy can be
diagnosed 33
Table 18: Malnutrition can be treated 34
Table 19: Whether malnutrition in
pregnancy can be prevented 34
Table 20: Means by which malnutrition in
pregnancy can be prevented 35
Table 21: Response of the non-literate orally
interview 35-37
Table
22: Existing records of malnutrition in pregnancy cases from January 2019 to
December 2021 collected from basic health centre Odode Idanre. 37
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
Malnutrition is inadequate intake of
nourishing food or consumption of a particular type of food items that has
little or no nutritional value (Jancita, 2011). Malnutrition has been a number
one problem of Nigeria child bearing mothers. This is due to some people who
are of low-income class who find it difficult to meet their needs. What matters
to them is something to their stomach and not about the value of the food. The
people that suffer most are the pregnant mothers and children. Pregnant mothers
need adequate nourishing food for the foetus to develop well if not ,the result
will lead to low birth weight. Malnutrition refer to cellular imbalance between
the supply of nutrients and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure
growth, maintenance and specific functions (WHO,2019). Malnutrition refers to
deficiencies, excess, or imbalances in a person's intake of energy
and/nutrients.(WHO, 2020).
Marshall and buffington stated that
sometimes, a pregnant woman does not know that she needs to eat a greater
supplies of micronutrients which are essential both for the mother and the
growing baby. Modern research has proven that from the very start, having the
right balance of key micronutrient is the best way to ensure the long term
health of mother and their infants. Malnutrition according to (Adekola, 2011)
is a condition where nutrition is defective in quantity or quality. This
condition is a world wide problem especially in the developing countries where
starchy tubers and cereals from the staple food. (Udoh, 2020) stated that
malnutrition is the shortage of a nutrient which leads to malnutrition of one
form or another. On the other hands the excessive consumption of some nutrients
may also be harmful to the body and could lead to metabolic disorders or as in
case if excessive consumption of fat as carbohydrate lead to obesity.
Women who are undernourished at the time
of conception are unlikely to improve their nutritional status during pregnancy
when they have additional demands due to the growing foetus (Karger, 2013),
malnutrition increase the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes including obstructed
labour, premature or low birth weight babies and postpartum, hemorrhage severe
anaemia during pregnancy is linked to increased mortality at labour (Karan, 2019).
Malnutrition in pregnancy generally had negative effect on health outcomes.
Interventions such as omega -3, vitamin D and weight loss surgery are effective
in addressing some of maternal outcomes. Malnutrition is one of the major problem
in which the physical function of an individual is impaired bro the point that
it can no longer maintain adequate body process such as growth, physical work
and resistance to or recovery from disease, malnutrition is associated with a
low economic situation and poor personal and environmental hygiene. Recent
studies found that the centre of the problem bus the backwards socio economic
development of the country (Marshal et Serbesal, 2019).
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Globally, malnutrition in pregnant women
is wide spread across regions and countries.it is estimated that approximately
34 millions pregnant woman are anaemic worldwide,20 millions suffer from
vitamin A deficiency, and millions suffer from insufficient iron, folate, zinc
or iodine stores. Vitamin and minerals deficiency have been associated with
pregnancy complications and poor birth
and infant outcomes. It is calculated that approximately 20 millions babies are
born weighing less than 2500g at birth (low birth weight) about 15 millions are
premature and many more are born small for their gestational age, increasing
their risk of morbidity and mortality during childhood (WHO, 2018).
In
Nigeria for example, maternal mortality rate has been reported to be 630 deaths
per 100,000 live births, thus ranking Nigeria 11th century in the
world with highest MMR among 184 countries (Oluwole, 2018).
In Ethiopia about 400,000 children faced
severe malnutrition in 2016, and another 1 millions children and 700,000
pregnant women had to face moderate malnutrition.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The recent increase in number of pregnant women
suffering from malnutrition is giving a concern to those in adult education,
women leaders health care services and others.the case of malnutrition is so
high that about 55-70o/o of pregnant mothers are suffering from malnutrition to
some people, it is difficult to afford three square meals a day, take constant
of food that they eat everyday. They may be eating carbohydrate food in the
morning and night everyday without knowing the consequences especially among
pregnant mothers
Malnutrition has caused a lot of problem
during pregnancy especially during the first period of pregnancy. This prompts
mine picking up this topic as the research topic to Carry out a study on prevalence
of malnutrition on pregnant women in Odode Idanre basic health centre.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To
find out some of the factors associated with causing of malnutrition among
pregnant women in Odode Idanre community
2. To
create awareness through health education on how to combine the locally
available food items together for proper nourishment and to lesson the degrees
of malnutrition
3. To
examine implementation experience of micronutrient supplementation
interventions in pregnant women, their lessons learnt and best practices.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
The
study will help to create awareness on the general prevalence of malnutrition
and to make use of the local foods around them which are affordable and
sensitize women of child bearing age on the great concern for their health.
Also, to make the women aware of the different functions of each foods items
and as to know how to combine them.
Furthermore,
to make pregnant women know how to reduce cost on food consumed that has no
nutritional value to their health during pregnancy.it will make them to be self-reliant.
ASSUMPTIONS
1. Most
people see pregnancy as a disease and also a time of relaxation, so they tend
to neglect their health and feeding pattern
2. It
is believed that poverty status determines the nutritional status of the women
3. Taboos,
cultural, belief e.g not eating of snail during pregnancy because the child
will salivate when born. Again, not taking beverages for it is believed that
the baby will be too big during and after delivery or that the child will steal
later in life.
DEFINITIONS
OF TERMS
Feotus:
a fetus is the unborn offspring of a human or an animal that develops from an
embryo
Food:
is any substance either solid or liquid which enables it to be digested when
consumed to perform one or more functions (Bankole,2019).
Malnutrition:
refers to deficiencies, excess or imbalance in a person's intake of energy and
/ or low nutrients (WHO,2018)
Nutrition:
is the process of nourishing ot being nourished, especially the process by
which living organism assimilate food and uses it for growth and for
replacement of tissues.(American heritage dictionary,2020).
Pregnancy:
also know as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops
inside a woman's womb/ uterus typically occurs around 40 weeks from the start
of the last menstrual period (LMP)
Prevalence:
Is the proportion of a population with a
disease or a particular condition at a specific point in time (Point prevalent)
or over a specific period of a time (period prevalence).
Woman:
woman is an adult female person
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