ABSTRACT
Abortion is the end of pregnancy; unwanted pregnancy affects many women worldwide. A woman’s chance of experiencing abortion at some points during her reproductive life is approximately 1 in 3.Depending on the stages of pregnancy; the court analyzed the rights to abortion. In Nigeria unsafe abortion is a serious problem that significantly contributes (30-40%) to the maternal mortality in the country .Even though there is no official data on abortion due to the restrictive law, however a significant number of abortion are carried out in the country annually ,out of which many women die as a result of complications. On physicians are performing about 60% of the abortion and the majority o0f those are done in the private health facilities or at home leading to different effects on women of reproductive age. The study used a descriptive survey design. This design was chosen because the survey is used for descriptive, explanatory and exploratory purposes and this survey is obviously descriptive and therefore more appropriate for this study. The target population for this research will comprise of women of child bearing age attending Oke-ilewo primary health Centre, Abeokuta Ogun State. A structured questionnaire on various rating scales was used to gather data for the study. One reason for using this data collection method is that all of the participants are educated and can read and writes when presented with the questionnaires. A close-ended question was used, and was self-administered face-to-face by the researcher. The research findings highlight the complexity of factors influencing abortion decisions. Socio-demographic characteristics, such as age, education, and income, offer insights into the diversity of the study population.
Keywords: Effect, Women, Engagement, Abortion, Women of Reproductive Age
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table
of Content v
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
To The Study 1
1.2 Statement
of Research Problem 2
1.3 Objectives
of the Study 3
1.4 Research
Questions 3
1.5 Research
Hypothesis 4
1.6 Significance
of the Study 4
1.7 Scope
of the Study 4
1.8 Operational
Definitions 5
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Conceptual Review 6
2.1.1
Types of Abortion 6
2.1.2
Types of Abortion Method 7
2.1.3
Risk Factors on Abortion 9
2.1.4
Signs and Symptoms of Abortion 10
2.1.5
Complications of Abortion 11
2.1.6
Reasons Why Abortion Can Be Medically Necessary 12
2.1.7
Effects of Abortion on Women of Reproductive Age 13
2.2
Theoretical Review 19
2.2.2
Application to the Study 20
2.3
Empirical Review 21
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction 27
3.2
Research Design 27
3.3
Research Setting 27
3.4
Target population 28
3.5
Sample size/Sampling Techniques 28
3.6
Instrument for Data Collection 28
3.7
Administration of research instrument 28
3.8
Validity of research instrument 29
3.9
Reliability of research instrument 29
3.10
Method of Data Collection 29
3.11
Method of Data analysis 29
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
OF FINDINGS
4.1
Socio-demographic Characteristics of the Respondents 30
4.2
Abortion Participation, Knowledge and Perception among Respondents 33
4.3
Factors that Contribute to Engagement in Pregnancy 36
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Summary of Findings 42
5.2
Conclusion 43
5.3
Recommendation 43
5.4
Limitation of the Study 44
References 46
CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION`
1.1
Background to Study
Pregnancy
termination is a significant public health concern in Africa. It is defined as
the termination of pregnancy before 28 weeks of gestation after the last
menstrual period or birth weight less than 1000gm (Health 2013). Abortion is
one of the controversial topics in health because it elicits ethical and legal
issues. While anti-abortionist perceive abortion as an immoral act because it
entails willful and premeditated termination of a fetus, An induced abortion is
generally described as the intentional medical or surgical abortion of a live
fetus before it becomes viable. Miscarriage, commonly referred to as
miscarriage, occurs when an embryo or fetus is lost due to natural causes.
(Cunningham et al., 2014). Globally, Nigeria accounts for 19%of all maternal
deaths. The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Nigeria in 2015 was estimated to
be about 814 per thousand live births, the fourth highest in the world after
Sierra Leone, Central African Republic and Chad. (WHO, 2016). Although abortion
services are severely restricted in Africa, only four out of 54 countries have
relatively liberal abortion laws .Between 2010 and 2014, 75.6% (95% confidence
interval (CI) 66.4 to 81.4%) of abortions performed in Africa were performed as
unsafe abortions. (Performed by untrained professionals or using methods that
are not recommended.)In particular, 57% of abortions in sub-Saharan Africa are
due to women of reproductive age, and unsafe abortions are the cause of
maternal deaths in this age group. In addition, abortions, which are
particularly dangerous, can endanger women's reproductive health and lead to
serious, often fatal, complications. Depending on their situation, women seek
an abortion for a variety of reasons. Once abortion is legal, whether the
pregnancy is the result of rape or incest, whether continuing the pregnancy
endangers the health of the mother or the child, whether the disability of the
fetus is severe or terminal, and the woman in this case in the minority a child
is to be had. (Holocombe, 2018).
Despite
the seriousness of the problem, little is known about the factors that lead
women to terminate their pregnancy. Further improvements to be needed, so it is
important to assess the risk factor to track progress towards the SDGs. In
Nigeria, the problem is compounded by sociocultural and religious views that
view abortion as a form of murder with grave consequences for those who perform
it. These circumstances lead women to seek clandestine abortion services from
capricious private doctors who perform surgeries in risky environments using
dangerous and invasive techniques. Despite Nigeria's criminal abortion laws,
the rate of induced abortions in 2012 was estimated at 33 per 1,000 women of
reproductive age. While there are numerous studies on the knowledge,
attitudes, practices and prevalence of abortion among women in sub-Saharan
Africa, particularly Nigeria, fewer studies have addressed the causes and
consequences of abortion among women of childbearing age in Nigeria. For
example, in Nigeria, where the research was conducted, steps were taken to
understand the causes and effects of abortion in women of reproductive age.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
Abortion is a relatively used term. It is a word
used to describe the act of termination or destruction of a pregnancy. Abortion
as a major subject in this study is the act of stopping the development of a
child inside a woman especially by medical operation. (Samphina academy, 2023).
Abortion is one of the most combustible problems of
the decades provoking argument in political, social and medical spheres across
the globe. This owes penalties that afflict reproductive aged women who
participate in abortion particularly unsafe abortion 28 weeks of gestation. Thus, unsafe abortion is of public
health concern because of its catastrophic reproductive health implications and
influence on mother morbidity and death. In the previous decades, almost half
of women aged 15-49 years in Nigeria who have experienced an undesired
pregnancy have sought to get an abortion and 10 percent succeeded. It has been
reported that the fear of societal retaliation from an out of wedlock or
child's birth adds a great lot of making a pregnancy undesirable and perhaps
terminated. In light of the aforementioned ones, the research is focused on the
causes and consequences of abortion amongst women of reproductive age.
1.3
Objective of the study
The
general objective is to investigate the, factor and Effects contributing to
engagement in abortion among women of reproductive age.
The
specific objectives are:
i. To
identify the factors that effects that contributes to women engagement in
abortion.
ii. To
determine possible effects of abortion amongst women.
1.4
Research questions
They will be as follows:
1. What are the factors and effects that
contribute to women's engagement in abortion?
2. Does
abortion cause reproductive health complications?
3. What
are the possible effects of abortion effects of abortion amongst women?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H0:
There is no significance difference between factors and effects causing women
engagement in abortion.
1.6 Significance of study
The
study will also be beneficial in the society as the result of this study will
reveal the danger of abortion, the result of the study will contributes
immensely to the body of academic knowledge with regards to the factors and
effects of abortion amongst women of reproductive age. Thereby encouraging
parents and guardians to take actions and decisions that will better educate
their youths on abortion and its accompanying dangers. Additionally, other
researchers will use it as literature review. This means that other students
may decide to conduct studies in this area having the opportunity to use study
for critical review.
The
results of this study contribute academically and immensely to the body of
knowledge with regards to the causes and effects of abortion amongst women of
reproductive age.
1.7 Scope of the study
The
study is structured to generally examine the causes of abortion amongst women
of reproductive age. However, the study will further identify the factors which
causes and contribute to women’s engagement in abortion, ascertain whether
abortion causes reproductive health complications and determine possible
effects of abortion amongst women. The respondent for this study with be
obtained from female undergraduate in Harvard College of science and business
management studies.
1.8
Definition of terms
Abortion:
Abortion is defined as the removal of
pregnancy tissue, products of conception or the fetus and placenta (afterbirth)
from the uterus. In general, the terms fetus and placenta are used after eight
weeks of pregnancy. Pregnancy tissue and products of conception refer to tissue
produced by the union of an egg and sperm before eight weeks.
Sexual
activities: Human sexual activity is the manner
in which human experience and expresses their sexuality. Healthcare providers define “sexually active” as
having sexual contact of any form with another person.
Reproductive
age: A woman's peek reproductive age is between
late teens and late 20 's. (www.acog.org.,
2020). There are other age group definitions
recognized for “reproductive age” but these measurements will consistently use
the age range of 18-44 years.
Maternal
death: This can be defined as the annual number
of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management. Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined in slightly different
ways by several different health organizations.
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