ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to
investigate causes and prevention of upper respiratory tract infection in
children within (0-5 years ) in owena Community Ondo East Local Government
Area. A
descriptive study design was used for this research work, questionnaire and oral interview were
use to collect data. One
hundred and twenty(120) questionnaire were administered and one hundred (100)
questionnaire and one hundred were retrieved for analysis; Out of which twenty(20) non-literate
respondents were orally interviewed, the
data obtained from the questionnaire distributed and the orally interviewed
were presented on simple frequency and percentage table. This work revealed that 84% of the
children have contacted upper respiratory tract infection while 16% of the
children have never contacted Upper respiratory tract infection. It was recommended that parent must
not hesitate to take their child to the health clinic whenever they are showing
signs and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. Also, government should support the health
system as this will help the health workers to take care of URTI cases.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
Certification
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract
v
Table of contents
vi-vii
List of tables
viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1-2
1.2 Background
of the study 2-4
1.3 Statement
of the problem 4-5
1.4 Aims
of the study 5
1.5 Objectives
of the study
5
1.6 Research
Questions 5
1.7 Significance
of the study
6
1.8 Assumptions
6
1.9 Definition
of terms 6-7
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature review
8
2.1 Upper
respiratory tract infection 9
2.2 Types of
upper respiratory tract infection
9-13
2.3
Complications of Upper respiratory tract infection 14-15
2.4 Causes of
Upper respiratory tract infection 15-16
2.5 Prevention
of upper respiratory tract infection 17
2.6
Prevention of upper respiratory tract infection in children 17-18
2.7.
Treatment options for upper respiratory tract infection 18-20
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Research methodology 21
3.1 Study design 21
3.2 Study area 21-22
3.3 Study population 22
3.4 Sample size determination 22
3.5 Sampling technique 22
3.6 Study instrument 22
3.7 Data collection 22
3.8 Data Analysis
23
3.9 Ethical consideration 23
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis 24-37
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion, conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Discussion of findings 38-40
5.2 Conclusion 41
5.3 Recommendation 41
REFERENCE 42-48
APPENDIX 49
LIST
OF TABLES
Table 1: Distribution of age of the respondents 24
Table 2: Educational status of the respondents 25
Table 3: Occupation status of the respondents 25
Table 4: Marital status of the respondents 26
Table 5: Religion status of the respondents 26
Table 6: Tribe status of the respondents 27
Table 7: What
do you understand by upper respiratory tract infection 27
Table 8: Which of these is a common sign of URTI in
children within 0-5 years of age 28
Table9: What is the causative organism of URTI 29
Table 10:
Which of these is a major risk factor of URTI in children within 0-5 years of
age 29
Table 11:
Have your child ever contacted URTI 30
Table 12: If
yes, Where was he/she treated 30
Table 13: Do
you think antibiotics is needed to treat cold 31
Table 14: Which of these is the best way of preventing children within
0-5 years from contacting URTI 31
Table 15: Do you think
URTI can increase mortality and morbidity rate of children within 0-5 years of
age 32
Table 16: Has your child
ever been admitted due to URTI before
32
Table 17: Which of these
is the best way of treating URTI 33
Table 18: Which of these the benefit of preventing
URTI in children within 0-5 years of age 33
Table 19: Do you think
that going to sleep with wet hair can cause URTI in children within 0-5 years
of age 34
Table 20: Which of these
should the mother be health
educated 34
Table 21: How Long does
URTI last in your children 35
Table 22: Do you think cough is a sign of Covid-19 35
Table 23: Showing the response
of 20 illiterate mothers that were interviewed.36
Existing
Record of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. 37
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
An upper respiratory
infection affects the upper part of your respiratory
system, including your sinuses and throat. Upper respiratory infection
symptoms include a runny nose, sore throat and cough. Treatment for upper
respiratory infections often includes rest, fluids and over-the-counter pain
relievers. Infections usually go away on their own (Cleveland clinic, 2021).
Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is the leading cause of death among children
below five years of age (Williams, 2012). On the average, under-5 children suffer about 6-8 episodes
of ARI per child per year, thus accounting for an estimated 238 million attacks
and 13 million deaths every year, globally (Zar
et al.,2014, Ambayiram et al.,2015). Acute Respiratory Infections are caused by a wide range
of pathogens, predominantly viruses and bacteria. Risk factors
for this disease include prematurity, low birth weight, lack of exclusive
breastfeeding, malnutrition, overcrowding, indoor air pollution, lack of
immunization against common childhood diseases, etc. (Shay
et al.,2015, Savitha
et al., 2013). Most children with
ARI have mild to moderate disease and are treated as outpatients with
full recovery.
However, severe forms of the disease such
as Pneumonia require hospitalization and prompt treatment. Acute
Respiratory Infection poses a significant economic burden on healthcare systems
and individual families based on the direct and indirect costs of diagnosis and
treatment. Epidemiological studies have shown different estimates of the burden
of respiratory diseases in different countries. In the US, respiratory diseases
in children are responsible for 25% of hospital admissions (DeFrances
et al., 2019, Arason et al., 2014) while in the United Kingdom and continental Europe
respiratory diseases contribute to 25% and 13% of hospital admissions among the
pediatric age groups respectively. The
rational use of medicines is regarded as a measure of good clinical practice.
The inappropriate use of medicines especially antibiotics have negative
consequences on the quality of care and can lead to antibiotic- resistance
strains of micro-organisms (Bbosa et al., 2014). The conference of
experts on the rational use of medicines (RUM), convened by the World Health
Organization (WHO) in Nairobi in 1985 defined the RUM as giving patients
medicines that are appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet
their own individual requirements for an adequate period of time, and at the
lowest cost to them and their community. In view of this, the use of medicines
that do not meet the needs of patients in terms of disease condition, dose,
frequency and duration of therapy is described as inappropriate use of
medicines (Goossens et al., 2914).
Notwithstanding,
studies have showed a high prevalence of antibiotic use among children under 5
with an estimate rate of 2.2 prescriptions per person per year (Marc et al.,
2016). Though there are no age-specific disaggregated data, earlier studies
have found that antibiotic use in Ghana to be between 11.9 and 60.7%. Upper
respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are infectious diseases of the upper
respiratory tract and include condition such as common cold, influenzas,
pharyngitis, otitis media, tonsillitis and sinusitis. However, common cold is
reported as the most prevalent accounting for about 80% of URTIs. URTIs are
mostly managed symptomatically with basic analgesics to relief fever, increased
fluid intake and with nasal decongestants because they are mostly viral in
origin and many (about 90%) resolve without any intervention (Cotton, 2014).
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Acute
upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) which are commonly known as common
cold and flu are one of the most common diseases of humans with adults
suffering from 2 - 5 symptomatic infections each year and school-children from
7 - 10 each year (Johnston et al., 2016). Over 200 serologically
different viral types from eight different groups of viruses are responsible
for human URTI’s with the rhinoviruses being the most common cause (Weber et
al., 2015). The symptoms of URTI’s are so common that self-diagnosis is
normal amongst the general public (Eccles et al., 2018) and symptomatic
self-treatments with nonprescription medicines are the most common therapy.
Common cold and flu are
multi-symptom illnesses which justify the use of multi-ingredient combination
products (Eccles et al., 2014.) The rationale for the fixed combination
products for common cold and flu is practicable, logical and reasonable when
some requirements are fulfilled (European Medicines Agency 2021). First the
simultaneous appearance of the symptoms is crucial. The constellation of
symptoms makes the common cold and flu unique among common diseases as no other
condition has such a range of symptoms that occur simultaneously. Each symptom
can be treated with a separate active ingredient, but multi-symptom relief,
using combination products with multiple active ingredients is recommended by
many pharmacists (Sirois et al., 2013).
The time course of the progression of the symptoms is characterized by the
early simultaneous appearance of sore throat, headache, body aches and pains
and nasal related symptoms later followed by cough (Jackson et al.,
2012, Gwaltney et al., 2018, Tyrrell et al., 2017).
In developing
countries, 30% of all patient consultation and 25% of all pediatric admissions
are due to ARI (Yousif
et al., 2013, AvendaÑo et al., 2016, Banajeh et al., 2020,
Bassani et al., 2010). Added to the
direct costs of treatment are indirect costs due to lost school days and lost
productivity and wages of parents whose children develop severe complications
of ARI. More so, recurrent episodes of ARI among under five children further
impacts on the emotional state of care givers. Seasonal variations have a
profound effect on the prevalence of acute respiratory infections. There is
marked seasonal variation in viral aetiology of ARI, noted to be higher during
the colder months in countries with temperate climate (Anderson et
al., 2015, Berkley et al., 2011, Berman et al., 2010). In countries with tropical climates, the seasonality
is variable, based on the temperature-dependent local pattern, humidity or
rainfall (John et al., 2020, Berman et al., 2017, Berner et
al., 2021, Black et al., 2013, Breiman et al., 2015.
The peculiar climatic condition in Southern Nigeria,
characterized by prolonged wet (March to October) and short dry (November to
February) seasons predisposes it to an increased frequency of ARI, especially
among children under five years of age. Oil exploration activities carried out
both legally and illegally impacts negatively on the environment and may be
implicated in the current spate of Black Soot in Port Harcourt with particulate
matter literarily falling out of the atmosphere. This alarming degree of air
pollution was noted from September 2016 and has continued till recent times.
The net effect of these activities is environmental pollution predominantly
from gas flares and oil spillage. Gas flares contributes to climate change with
the release of a variety of poisonous chemicals into the atmosphere. This also
results in outdoor air pollution which is a risk factor in the development of
acute respiratory illnesses among under-fives. Research is therefore needed to
determine the prevalence of ARI among the most vulnerable group in our society,
in order to compare with non-oil producing regions thereby determining the
effect of oil exploration activities on child health (Prajapati et al., 2011, Broor et
al., 2017).
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEMS
Globally
acute respiratory tract infections considered very important public health
problem and remain the most important cause of infant and child mortality as
well as frequent hospitalizations. These infections are mostly bacterial in
origin and are the leading cause of death in children less than five years. In
developing countries one-third of all patient consultations and one-fourth of
all pediatric admissions are of acute respiratory infections (Bulletin of the
World Health Organization 2018). Globally, a high proportion of deaths occur in
the first two years of life and pneumonia accounted for 81% (Walker et al.,
2013).
Upper
respiratory tract infection has been major health challenge in Owena. It has
led to the death of some of the children in Owena Community. So, this study
aims to investigate the cause of upper respiratory tract infection in Owena
community.
AIM OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to investigate the cause of upper respiratory tract infection.
In children 0-5 years in Owena Community Ondo East
Local Government.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.
To identify the causes of upper respiratory tract infection in Owena community.
2.
To investigate the prevention of upper respiratory
tract infection among children of 0-5 years of age in the study area.
3.
To investigate the treatment and
management of ART infection among children of 0-5 years in the study area.
RESEARCH
QUESTION
1. What
are the causes of upper respiratory tract infection in Owena community
2. Are
there prevention for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infection among
children of 0-5 years of age in the study area.
3. What
are the treatment and management of upper respiratory tract infection among
children of 0-5 years in the study area?
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
This
study will help the health worker to know the correct management of upper
respiratory tract infection. It will also help to reduce mortality and
morbidity rate due to upper respiratory infection. It will also help to ensure
the general wellness of the children. It will also help in the prevention of
upper respiratory infection among the children. It will also serve as baseline
study for other researchers and academicians.
ASSUMPTION
· Some people believed
that antibiotics is needed to get over a cold
· Some people assumed that
Chicken soup is a cure for cold
· Some people believed
that going to sleep with wet hair causes cold
· Some people believed
that cough is a sign that someone is having Covid-19
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Acute mean sudden onset,
sharp rise, and short course · illness
Breastfeeding is the process by which human breast milk is fed
to a child
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in
nutrient intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient
utilization
Medicine is the science or
practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease
Immunization is the process by which an individual's immune
system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Low birth weight: Is a term used to
describe an infant born weighing 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) or less.
Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials
into the environment.
Pharmacist is a health-care professional licensed to engage
in pharmacy with duties including dispensing prescription
drugs, monitoring drug
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