ABSTRACT
This research work studied the prevalence of typhoid fever among adults (18-35 years) in Oba-Ile community Akure North Local Government Areas of Ondo State.
Retrospective research design was made use of and adults the study population. The method used for sample selection was simple random sampling. Questionnaire, interview, and of review of existing record were used as instruments for data collection
It was realized that typhoid fever is prevalent in Oba-Ile community going by finding from the data generated from the various collection method as the record showed that there has been a steady increase from 11.4% in 2019 and 2021 to 23.4% which was observed to be likely due to incessant water shortage.
At the end of this research work, recommendation was made to the government, the study group and others relevant stakeholders on ways to prevent typhoid fever
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page Page
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledge iv-v
Abstract vi
Table of contents vii-ix
List of tables x
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1-2
Background of the study 3
Statement of the problem 4
Significant of the study 4
Objective of the study 4
Assumptions 4
Definition of terms 5-6
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 7-20
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology 21
Study design 21
Study area 21-22
Study population 22
Sample size 22
Sampling technique 22
Data collection methods 22
Ethical consideration 23
CHAPTER FOUR
Data presentation and analysis 24-37
CHAPTER FIVE
Discussion, conclusion and recommendation 38-40
Summary 38
Discussion of findings 38-39
Conclusion 39
Recommendation 40
Limitation 40
REFERENCE 37
APPENDIX 46
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Age of the respondents. 24
Table 2: Gender of the respondents. 25
Table 3: Respondents marital status. 25
Table 4: Occupation of the respondents 25-26
Table 5: Respondents religion 26
Table 6: Educational status of the respondents 26
Table 7: Respondents definition of typhoid fever 27
Table 8: Respondents knowledge about how typhoid fever is being transmitted27
Table 9: Respondents knowledge on typhoid signs and symptoms 28
Table 10: Respondents responses on whether typhoid fever affect adult more 28
Table 11: Respondents responses to whether typhoid fever can be treated 29
Table 12: Respondents sources of water supply 29
Table 13: Respondents opinion on whether typhoid fever patients are carriers for life. 30
Table 14: Whether respondents suffer typhoid fever in the last six months. 30
Table 15: Showing respondents response on whether typhoid fever patient can get well with orthodox medicine 31
Table 16: Respondents opinion on whether potable water will prevent typhoid fever 31
Table 17: Respondents opinion whether herbs are dangerous to health 32
Table 18: Respondents opinion whether herbs are dangerous to health 32
Table 19: Handwashing do help in the transmission of typhoid fever 33
Table 20: What type of toilet facility do you have 33
Table 21: Where they seek medical treatment 34
Table 22: Those that took herbal treatment 34
Table 23: Proper handwashing can prevent typhoid fever transmission. 35
Section b: Analysis of oral interview conducted for non-literate adults 35-36
Existing records of typhoid fever cases (diagnosed and treated patient). 37
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi, usually through ingestion of contaminated food or water (WHO, 2018). Typhoid fever is a bacterial infectious disorder contracted by consumption of food or drink contaminated with Salmonella typhi (Wikipedia.org.) Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Salmonella typhi (Oladipo, 2018). Typhoid fever also known as enteric fever prevails in developing countries due to poor hygiene, unavailable of potable water and unsafe sanitary disposal. It is transmitted faeco-orally through contaminated food and water, and the most prominent feature of the infection is fever which gradually rises to a high degree (IFEMED, 2018).
Typhoid fever is a global public health Problem with an estimation of 21.6million new cases and 216.500 deaths recorded globally in year 2000 (Welter,2001). Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever causative organism) are present in many South East Asian Countries as well as in Africa, central and South America. It also common in areas where there is poor water and sewage sanitation. Typhoid fever remains a significant health burden, particularly in resource poor regions of the world. The disease is common among crowded and impoverished populations, with inadequate sanitation and is transmitted through ingestion of water or food that has been contaminated by faeces or less commonly, urine or infected human. Without effective treatment. typhoid fever has a case fatality rate of 10.30%. Approximately 2 to 5% of the population infected with S.typhi becomes chronic carriers, Chronic carrier rate are higher among women and persons with biliary abnormalities such as gallstones (Ethel, 2018).
The death rate of typhoid fever is highest in Asia with 93% of the global infectious episodes. Asia also has the highest regional frequency rate of 274 cases per 100,000 population, which is five times greater than the second highest (Latin America), Southeast Asia has an incidence of 110 cases per 100.000 population which is the third highest occurrence rate for any region, Pakistan falls into this region. On the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan has the highest incidence of 451.7 per 100,000 persons per year of typhoid fever followed by India who214.2 per 100,000 person's per year (Faiz, 2016). Typhoid fever is major hazard to public health in India and rated as the fifth most common communicable disease in the country (Sunderlal et al., 2009).
According to study in 2003, water-borne infection causes 250.000 deaths every year in Pakistan among which typhoid fever is the foremost cause (Faiz. 2003). Typhoid fever is rare in industrialized countries, but remains a significant health problem in both CHILDREN and ADULTS in developing countries. It is one of the contributors to morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. An estimated 11 20millions persons get sick from typhoid fever and between 128.000 - 16.000 people died from it every year (WHO, 2018). Dirty environment, vulnerable group (children) and adults are at risk. In addition to the fact that urbanization and climate change have the potential to increase the global burden of typhoid. Also increasing resistance to antibiotics treatment is making it easier for typhoid fever to spread through overcrowded populations in cities and inadequate and/or flooded water and sanitation systems (WHO, 2018).
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The global burden of disease estimates for typhoid were based on a total of 22 communities-based incidence with 19 from continent other than Africa and only three from Africa. These estimates suggested a moderate incidence of typhoid of 10-100 cases/100,000 persons yearly in most African countries (Crump et al. 2004).
The incidence typhoid fever in the United States has decreased since the early 1900s; Today, approximately 5,700 cases are reported annually in the United States, mostly in people who recently have traveled to endemic areas. This in comparison to the 1920s, when over 35,000 cases were reported in the U.S. within a 20% fatally rate (Balentime, 2017).
Between 1999 and 2006, 79% of typhoid fever cases occurred in patients who had been outside of the country within the preceding 30days. Two-thirds of those individuals had journeyed from the Indian subcontinent. The 3 known outbreaks of typhoid fever within the United States were traced to imported food or to a food handler from an endemic region. Remarkably, only 17% of cases acquired domestically were traced to a carrier. Only Egypt and South Africa contributed to this estimate for the African continent. The estimated numbers of typhoid Cases in Africa after the 2010 move of adjusting for water related risk was 11.9millions (93% confidence interval: 9.9-14.7) cases. It is clear that the incidence of typhoid fever in Africa is gill not yet well understood. (John, et al 2018). Nigeria has the highest ease load on the African continent. The disease remains one of the leading causes of avoidable deaths, especially in children and adults. (WHO, 2018).
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
It was observed during my community urban posting that a good number of the outpatients attending CHC, Oba-Ile were diagnosed of typhoid fever, hence the need to investigate the prevalence of typhoid fever in the study area.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is set out to investigate the prevalence of typhoid fever among adult in Oba-lle Community. It will also ascertain the predisposing factors and the probable cause/causes of the infection among the study group. It will be used to intensify efforts on the prevention control of typhoid fever while it will also be a useful piece among researchers on the same topic.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
To ascertain the prevalence of typhoid fever in Oba-lle community.
To determine the incidence of typhoid fever.
To identify the risk factors associated with the disease in the study area.
To health educate Oba-lle inhabitants on preventive measures which will help reduce the disease to the barest minimum.
ASSUMPTIONS
It is generally believed that:
Typhoid fever is all about headache and abdominal pain hence can be cured with the use of pain reliever medicines.
It is a seasonal disease that happens during the rainy period.
Most people believe that typhoid fever is caused by witchcraft.
It is believed that typhoid fever cannot be cured with Orthodox medicine expect for the use of native herbs.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
INVESTIGATIVE STUDY: This is a name given to a collection of research techniques and methods used by researchers to unearth secret hidden or obscure information that can build a more comprehensive picture of the issue under investigation.
PREVALENCE: The total number of people in a population (both old and new cases) who have the disease at a given point in time.
TYPHOID FEVER: This is an acute water-borne infectious disease associated with fever, which is caused by salmonella typhi
ADULTS: (Plural) are matured human being, who have fully developed between ages of 18-35 years.
COMMUNITY: This is a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government and often have a common cultural and historical heritage.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES: These are diseases that are due to microorganism or parasite which can be transmitted from one living and non-living animal to another such as man to man, animal to animal or animal to man
INCUBATION PERIOD: This is the length of time between when on is infected with a disease and the first appearance of clinical signs and symptoms.
SIGNS: An Objective indication of a disease or disorder that is observed or detected by a doctor, as opposed to a symptom which is noticed by the sufferer.
SYMPTOMS: An indication of disease or disorder that is noticed by the sufferer
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: The route by which an organism of disease is transferred from one host to another.
PREVENTION: The action of stopping something from happening or arising.
CONTROL: A security mechanism, policy or procedure that can counter system attack, reduce risks and resolve vulnerabilities.
COMPLICATION: A condition resulting from a preceding disorder or from its treatment.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Login To Comment