ASSESSEMENT OF MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF BOREHOLE WATER IN OGBOKO IDEATO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, IMO STATE

ABSTRACT

The present research work deals with the study of microbiological quality of borehole water in Ogboko Ideato South L.G.A, Imo state. The total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 5.7x104cfu/ml to 1.30x105cfu/ml, Fungi count was from 2.5x101cfu/ml to 3.6x101cfu/ml. Salmonella Shigella count was from 2.4x104cfu/ml to 6.0x104cfu/ml. the coliform count ranged from 1.19x103cfu/ml to 5.5x103cfu/ml. The bacteria genera isolated were Escherichia coli 4(12.1%), Klebsiella spp 5(15.1%), Proteus spp 5(15.1%), Shigella spp 6(18.1%), Enterobacter spp 2(6.2%), Salmonella spp 8(24.2%), and Citrobacter spp 3(9.2%) with Salmonella spp having the highest occurrence 8(24.2%), followed by Shigella spp 6(18.1%), while Enterobacter spp had the least occurrence 2(6.2%).  The fungi isolated were Aspergillus spp 4(40%), Rhizopus spp 3(30%), Mucor spp 2(20%) and Penicillium spp 1(10%) with Aspergillus spp having the highest occurrence 4(40%) while Penicillium spp had the least occurrence 1(10%).  The finding shows that the water samples did not meet WHO standard for drinking and domestic use and thus should be treated before drinking.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cover page                                                                                                                              i

Certification                                                                                                                           ii

Dedication                                                                                                                             iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                               iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                  v

List of Tables                                                                                                                        viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  ix

CHAPTER ONE:  INTRODUCTION                                                                                    1

1.1       Background of the study                                                                                             3

1.2       Aims and objectives of the study                                                                               3

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                        4

2.1       Water                                                                                                                          4

2.1.1    Sources of water                                                                                                         4

2.1.2    Surface water                                                                                                              4

2.2       Ground water                                                                                                              5

2.2.1    Sources of ground water pollution                                                                             5

2.2.2    Survival of pathogens in groundwater                                                                       6

2.2.3    Transport in groundwater                                                                                           6

2.3       Microbiological analysis of water                                                                              7

2.3.1    Indicator organisms                                                                                                    7

2.3.2    Coliforms                                                                                                                    8

2.3.3    Echerichia coli                                                                                                            8

2.4       Methods of sanitary analysis of water                                                                        9

2.4.1    Pour plate technique                                                                                                   9

2.4.2    Membrane filtration method                                                                                       9

2.4.3    Molecular techniques                                                                                                 10

2.4.4    Membrane techniques                                                                                                 10

2.4.5    Advantages and Disadvantages of the membrane filtration method                                    10       

2.5       Contaminants in water                                                                                                11

2.5.1    Microbial contaminants                                                                                              12

2.5.2    Organic chemical contamination                                                                               12

2.5.3    Inorganic chemical contamination                                                                             12

2.6       Water treatment and purification                                                                               13

2.6.1    Sedimentation                                                                                                             13

2.6.2    Coagulation                                                                                                                13

2.6.3    Filtration                                                                                                                     14

2.6.4    Chlorination                                                                                                                14

2.6.5    Ozonation                                                                                                                   14

2.6.6    Aeration                                                                                                                      14

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                         16

3.1       Environment of the study                                                                                           16

3.2       Sample collection                                                                                                       16

3.3       Microbiological methods                                                                                            16

3.3.1    Media reparation                                                                                                        16

3.4       Determination of bacterial and fungal floral of the water sample                                    17

3.4.1    Isolation                                                                                                                      17

3.4.2    Culture examination                                                                                                   17

3.4.3    Microscopic examination                                                                                           18

3.4.4    Gram staining                                                                                                             18

3.5       Biochemical tests                                                                                                        18

3.5.1    Catalase test                                                                                                                18

3.5.2    Oxidase test                                                                                                                19

3.5.3    Coagulase test                                                                                                             19

3.5.4    Urease test                                                                                                                  19

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS                                                                                               20

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION                      25

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   25       

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  27

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                       28

References     

         Appendix

LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                  Title                                                                          PAGE

 1            Mean count of bacterial isolation of water samples                                                            22

 2            Bacteria isolated and their percentage occurrence                                                  23

 3            Fungi isolated and their percentage occurrence                                                      24

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

Water meant for drinking and cooking should be free from harmful microorganisms, harmful chemical, suspended materials, undesirable taste, colour and odour (Leton and Umesi, 1990). Drinking water from natural sources is usually polluted as a result of man’s activity thus rendering supplies harmful to the body. This pollution results from eutrophication, introduction of sewage and also toxic wastes from industries into the water body. Pollution can be caused by the addition of harmful or undesirable microorganisms to the water body (Okafor, 1985).

Water is essential for life and life evolved in water. Water is significant due to its unique chemical and physical properties. Water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen and because of the unique nature of binding. According to (Ofelabi et al., 2001), Borehole is more susceptible to contamination. During infiltration of soil water, some pollutants are carried across the soil barriers into underground water resources. It is suspected that some groundwater sources like wells and boreholes are likely to be polluted (Ojelabi et al., 2001). There are different types of water from different sources, soft and hard water. The hardness of water relates to the amount of calcium, magnesium and sometimes iron in water. The more mineral present, the harder the water. Water quality is a term used to express the suitability of water to sustain various uses or processes water quality can be defined by a range of variables which limit water use (Kendall, 1992).

The presence of contaminants that deviate from the acceptable World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines values has been associated wit the cause of different kinds of diseases such as typhoid fever, dysenteries, gastrointestinal and infectious hepatitis (Hammer, and Jiang, 2011).

Generally the sources of water can be grouped into three namely rain, surface, (which include river water streams, sea water) and underground and ground water (including well water and borehole water) (Oyebode, and Ajewole, 2005). The first in providing safe drinking water is the selection of the best available source of water. The most protected source of water will be the easiest and cheapest to transform into safe drinking water (Medema et al., 2003).

Borehole is a groundwater in which at least a depth of 150feet drilled to source of drinking water. Borehole as a ground water is pumped out wit the aid of as submersible pumping machine of IHP into an overhead tank (Gowo, 2005). It is generally accepted that groundwater contains less pathogenic organism compared to other sources of water. This is because groundwater that percolates through soil can harbor pathogens but these are effectively removed by attachment to soil particles, die off and biological processes (example, predation) (Medema, and Tsen, 1999).

The important use of water cannot be over emphasized. Water constitutes up to 70-80% by weight of eukaryotic cell and profoundly influences all molecular interaction in biological systems (Nelson, 2002). The quality of groundwater is a function of natural process as well as anthropogenic activities (Sajjad et al., 1991). That is to say that ground water (e.g. borehole) is not completely protected from contamination, which could be either microbial or inorganic agent or even due to human activities and environmental conditions (Keswick, 1984; Cullimore, 1991).  

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Ogboko capital city is in Ideato South Local Government Area of Imo State. It lies between latitudes 6 and 6 15’N and longitude 7 05’E (Nwaghna and Ezenagu, 1995). Ogboko has an administrative, commercial and educational town is a rapid growing urban center with a large percentage of migrant settlers. There is also an increase in the number of industries, commercial and recreational in the town.

The qualities of water resources in the study area were tested for microbiological pollution. The samples were drawn from bore water resources. Sampling points includes Umuduruabiakam, Umuoriaku, Ogbokoelu, Umuduru, Umuezella, Umuchima and Umuchinekwe.

1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study

The aims and objectives is to analyze data routinely collected water samples from boreholes in other ascertain

·       To know the level of some microbiological parameters present in the water

·        To know the level conformity to the WHO water standard for drinking in Ogboko Ideato South Local Government Area of Imo State

·       To know the level of treatment needed to improve the water from the boreholes before drinking

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