ABSTRACT
The present research work deals with the study of microbiological quality of borehole water in Ogboko Ideato South L.G.A, Imo state. The total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 5.7x104cfu/ml to 1.30x105cfu/ml, Fungi count was from 2.5x101cfu/ml to 3.6x101cfu/ml. Salmonella Shigella count was from 2.4x104cfu/ml to 6.0x104cfu/ml. the coliform count ranged from 1.19x103cfu/ml to 5.5x103cfu/ml. The bacteria genera isolated were Escherichia coli 4(12.1%), Klebsiella spp 5(15.1%), Proteus spp 5(15.1%), Shigella spp 6(18.1%), Enterobacter spp 2(6.2%), Salmonella spp 8(24.2%), and Citrobacter spp 3(9.2%) with Salmonella spp having the highest occurrence 8(24.2%), followed by Shigella spp 6(18.1%), while Enterobacter spp had the least occurrence 2(6.2%). The fungi isolated were Aspergillus spp 4(40%), Rhizopus spp 3(30%), Mucor spp 2(20%) and Penicillium spp 1(10%) with Aspergillus spp having the highest occurrence 4(40%) while Penicillium spp had the least occurrence 1(10%). The finding shows that the water samples did not meet WHO standard for drinking and domestic use and thus should be treated before drinking.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background
of the study 3
1.2 Aims
and objectives of the study 3
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Water 4
2.1.1 Sources
of water 4
2.1.2 Surface
water 4
2.2 Ground
water 5
2.2.1 Sources
of ground water pollution 5
2.2.2 Survival
of pathogens in groundwater 6
2.2.3 Transport
in groundwater 6
2.3 Microbiological
analysis of water 7
2.3.1 Indicator
organisms 7
2.3.2 Coliforms 8
2.3.3 Echerichia
coli 8
2.4 Methods
of sanitary analysis of water 9
2.4.1 Pour plate
technique 9
2.4.2 Membrane
filtration method 9
2.4.3 Molecular
techniques 10
2.4.4 Membrane
techniques 10
2.4.5 Advantages
and Disadvantages of the membrane filtration method 10
2.5 Contaminants
in water 11
2.5.1 Microbial
contaminants 12
2.5.2 Organic
chemical contamination 12
2.5.3 Inorganic
chemical contamination 12
2.6 Water
treatment and purification 13
2.6.1 Sedimentation 13
2.6.2 Coagulation 13
2.6.3 Filtration 14
2.6.4 Chlorination 14
2.6.5 Ozonation 14
2.6.6 Aeration 14
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 16
3.1 Environment
of the study 16
3.2 Sample
collection 16
3.3 Microbiological
methods 16
3.3.1 Media
reparation 16
3.4 Determination
of bacterial and fungal floral of the water sample 17
3.4.1 Isolation 17
3.4.2 Culture
examination 17
3.4.3 Microscopic
examination 18
3.4.4 Gram
staining 18
3.5 Biochemical
tests 18
3.5.1 Catalase
test 18
3.5.2 Oxidase
test 19
3.5.3 Coagulase
test 19
3.5.4 Urease
test 19
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 20
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION 25
5.1 Discussion 25
5.2 Conclusion 27
5.3 Recommendation 28
References
Appendix
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Title
PAGE
1 Mean count of bacterial isolation of water
samples 22
2 Bacteria isolated and their percentage
occurrence 23
3 Fungi isolated and their percentage
occurrence 24
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water meant for drinking and cooking should be free
from harmful microorganisms, harmful chemical, suspended materials, undesirable
taste, colour and odour (Leton and Umesi, 1990). Drinking water from natural
sources is usually polluted as a result of man’s activity thus rendering
supplies harmful to the body. This pollution results from eutrophication,
introduction of sewage and also toxic wastes from industries into the water
body. Pollution can be caused by the addition of harmful or undesirable microorganisms
to the water body (Okafor, 1985).
Water is essential for life and life evolved in water.
Water is significant due to its unique chemical and physical properties. Water
is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen and because of the unique
nature of binding. According to (Ofelabi et
al., 2001), Borehole is more susceptible to contamination. During
infiltration of soil water, some pollutants are carried across the soil
barriers into underground water resources. It is suspected that some groundwater
sources like wells and boreholes are likely to be polluted (Ojelabi et al., 2001). There are different types
of water from different sources, soft and hard water. The hardness of water
relates to the amount of calcium, magnesium and sometimes iron in water. The
more mineral present, the harder the water. Water quality is a term used to
express the suitability of water to sustain various uses or processes water
quality can be defined by a range of variables which limit water use (Kendall, 1992).
The presence of contaminants that deviate from the
acceptable World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines values has been
associated wit the cause of different kinds of diseases such as typhoid fever, dysenteries,
gastrointestinal and infectious hepatitis (Hammer, and Jiang, 2011).
Generally the sources of water can be grouped into
three namely rain, surface, (which include river water streams, sea water) and
underground and ground water (including well water and borehole water) (Oyebode,
and Ajewole, 2005). The first in providing safe drinking water is the selection
of the best available source of water. The most protected source of water will
be the easiest and cheapest to transform into safe drinking water (Medema et al., 2003).
Borehole is a groundwater in which at least a depth of
150feet drilled to source of drinking water. Borehole as a ground water is
pumped out wit the aid of as submersible pumping machine of IHP into an overhead tank (Gowo, 2005). It
is generally accepted that groundwater contains less pathogenic organism
compared to other sources of water. This is because groundwater that percolates
through soil can harbor pathogens but these are effectively removed by
attachment to soil particles, die off and biological processes (example,
predation) (Medema, and Tsen, 1999).
The important use of water cannot be over emphasized.
Water constitutes up to 70-80% by weight of eukaryotic cell and profoundly influences
all molecular interaction in biological systems (Nelson, 2002). The quality of
groundwater is a function of natural process as well as anthropogenic
activities (Sajjad et al., 1991). That
is to say that ground water (e.g. borehole) is not completely protected from
contamination, which could be either microbial or inorganic agent or even due
to human activities and environmental conditions (Keswick, 1984; Cullimore, 1991).
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Ogboko capital
city is in Ideato South Local Government Area of Imo State. It lies between
latitudes 6 and 6 15’N and longitude 7 05’E (Nwaghna and Ezenagu, 1995). Ogboko
has an administrative, commercial and educational town is a rapid growing urban
center with a large percentage of migrant settlers. There is also an increase
in the number of industries, commercial and recreational in the town.
The qualities of water resources in the study area
were tested for microbiological pollution. The samples were drawn from bore
water resources. Sampling points includes Umuduruabiakam, Umuoriaku, Ogbokoelu,
Umuduru, Umuezella, Umuchima and Umuchinekwe.
1.2 Aims and Objectives
of the Study
The aims and objectives is to analyze data routinely
collected water samples from boreholes in other ascertain
·
To know the level of some
microbiological parameters present in the water
·
To know the level conformity to the WHO water
standard for drinking in Ogboko Ideato South Local Government Area of Imo State
·
To know the level of
treatment needed to improve the water from the boreholes before drinking
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