ABSTRACT
The Microbiological assessment of old foot wears (shoes, slippers shoes) were evaluated to assess the presence of contaminants in shoes worn by students in MOUAU. Five (5) bacteria and two (2) fungi were isolated in this study, which includes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella sp., Aspergillus sp and Mucor sp. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage occurrence of 37.73%, Escherichia coli had percentage occurrence of 33.96%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa had percentage occurrence of 7.54% while Klebsiella sp had percentage occurrence of 20.75%. Aspergillus sp showed 71.42% and Mucor sp with 28.56% occurrence. This study has shown that shoes harbour microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi which are highly pathogenic in the entire environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification i
Title page ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Aim
and Objectives 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 5
2.1 Shoes 6
2.1 Hides
and skin 6
2.1.1 Hides 6
2.1.2 Skins 6
2.1.3 Anatomy 6
2.2 The Hair. 7
2.2.1 Epidermis. 7
2.2.2 Sweat Glands. 7
2.2.3 Sebaceous Glands 7
2.2.4 Corium 7
2.2.5 Hypodermis 8
2.3 A Brief History of Leather 8
2.3.1 Types and Uses of Skins and Hides 9
2.4 Hides and skin production 10
2.4.0
Slaughter, Flaying and Preparation of Hides and Skins 10
2.4.1 Slaughter 10
2.4.2 Flaying 10
2.4.3 Preparation of Hides and Skins 11
2.4.3.1
Cattle Hides 11
2.4.3.2
Sheep Skins 11
2.5 Preservation of hides and skins 11
2.5.1 Air dry 11
2.5.2 Salting 12
2.5.3 Chilling or freezing 12
2.6 Factors affecting quality of hides and
skins/leather. 12
2.6.1 Animal husbandry practices. 13
2.6.2 Scratches and horn rakes. 13
2.6.2 Branding. 13
2.7 Effect of diseases on quality of hides
and skins/leather materials 13
2.7.1 Ticks 13
2.7.2 Mites. 13
2.7.3 Lice. 14
2.7.4 Grub 14
2.7.5 Arthropods, helminthes, and protozoa 14
2.7.6 Mycotic 14
2.7.7 Viral 15
2.7.6 Bacterial damage 15
2.8.0 Bacteria isolated from treated hides and
skins/leather materials 15
2.8.1 Bacteria isolated from untreated hides and
skins 16
2.8.1.1 Children foot wears 16
2.8.1.2 Skin and hides were the main source of
contamination. 17
2.8.1.3 Effect of bacteria in structure of hides and
skins (histopathology) 18
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and methods 20
3.1 Collection of samples 20
3.2 Media to be used 20
3.3 Microbiological
analysis 20
3.3.1 Samples inoculation 20
3.4 Biochemical identification of bacterial isolates 21
3.5 Gram
staining 21
3.6 Biochemical
analysis 22
3.6.1 Catalase 22
3.6.2 Coagulase test 22
3.6.3 Citrate test 22
3.6.4 Sugar
test 22
3.7 Fungal identification 27
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 24
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion,
Conclusion, Recommendation 29
5.1 Conclusion
31
5.2 Recommendation 31
Reference 33
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Morphological and
biochemical characteristic of bacterial isolates from
foot—wears samples from MOUAU hostels 26
2 Morphological and microscopic
characteristics of fungal isolates 27
3 Percentage occurrence of bacteria
isolates 28
4 Percentage occurrence of fungi
isolates 29
5. Total bacterial/ fungal counts 30
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Foot wear refers to garments worn on the feet, which originally
serves the purpose of protection against adversities of the environment,
usually regarding ground textures and temperatures. Foot wear in the manner of
shoes therefore primarily serves the purpose of protecting and covering the
foot, with a bottom part composed of thick leather or plastic sole and often a
thicker heel or synthetic materials (Sally, 1993). A shoe is an item of
footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing or carrying
various activities in his or her daily life. Feet may be compromised by
bacterial and fungal infections, chronic disease, obesity, immune suppression,
vascular disease, and uncomfortable or tight shoes (Akiba et al., 2006). Tight shoes can injure the feet and make them prone
to contamination and infections. Unventilated shoes are prone to bacterial and
fungal proliferation. Sweat is a nutrient for bacteria, and bacterial
metabolism gives feet, socks, and shoes a strong odor (Akiba et al., 2006). Bacterial and fungal
infections proliferations are influenced by microclimate, temperature,
humidity, life- style and individual predisposition. Feet have a rich bacterial
flora, most of which is not normally pathogenic if the feet are in good health
(Stewart, 2015). Lifestyle factors can expose the feet to higher risks of
contamination by certain bacteria. For example, going barefoot exposes feet to
contamination by Escherichia coli and
other potential pathogens. Patients with circulatory problems and certain
chronic conditions are susceptible to infection by Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and the coliform
group of bacteria especially Enterococcus
spp (Akiba et al., 2006). Shoes are
also used as an item of decoration. The designer shoes varies enormously
through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally been tied
to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many designed elements,
whether shoes has a very high heels or flat ones (Akiba et al., 2006). Contemporary, shoes vary widely in style, complexity
and lust. Basic shoes and sandals may consist of only a thin soul and strap.
High fashion shoes may be made of very expensive materials in complex
construction and sale for thousands of Naira or Dollars in pair. Other shoes
are for very specific purpose such as boots designed specifically for
mountaineering or skipping (Tom, 2002). In early civilization, however, sandals
were said to be the most common footwear in most part of the world only a few
had shoes in Mesopotamia (c.1600-1200BC). A type of soft shoes was worn by the
mountain people who lived on the boarder of Iran. The soft shoes were made up
of wraparound leather similar to moccasin. As late as 1850, most shoes were
made on absolute straight lasts, therefore no difference between right and left
shoes (Cameron, 1999).
Microorganisms such as bacteria tend to live more on shoes than in
other places. As we walk, we constantly pick new debris that feeds the growth
of more bacteria. (Weber, 2008). Gerba, (2008) an environmental microbiologist
at the University of Arizona says he doesn’t put on his shoes up on his desk
anymore after completing a study dealing with the accumulation and elimination
of Escherichia coli and other nasty fecal – based bacteria on shoes (Pohla, 2008).
Beside Escherichia coli which is
known to cause intestinal and urinary tract infections, the sole of shoes
picked up Klebsiella pneumonia
bacteria, a source of wound and blood stream infection as well as pneumonia,
and Serratia a rare cause of
infections in the respiratory tract and wounds (Pohla, 2008). Back here in
Nigeria, Nigerian cobblers are making exquisite piece that are competing
favorably with footwear manufacturing in any part of the world especially
female open and covered shoes and also highly meeting up in terms of quality,
design and patronage (Chuks, 2003). Nigerian shoe makers are manufacturing
exquisite pieces that are equal or sometimes even higher quality with shoes
manufacturer in any part of the world (Chucks, 2003).
Shoes are major
protector of the foot and microorganisms such as bacteria tend to live more on
shoes than in other places. As we walk, we constantly pick new debris that
feeds the growth of more bacteria. And such microorganisms are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia,
Serratia and these microorganisms can also cause harm to our health and
environment. The shoes are now becoming a bacteria cafeteria because they
survive longer than they would on a desk top. And most bacteria love growing in
a moist, warm environment they like to live in sauna (heat environment) and
that is basically what most shoes have becomes (Gerba, 2008). Shoes are
vulnerable to be contaminated by microorganisms when worn and a more
appropriate circumstance is provided by physical contact as well as sweat
dipping (Mayan et al., 1999). Hence
various microorganisms which grow and breed in micro-environment of inner shoes
have no barrier to location or ethnicity. The role of these microbes has been
clearly recognized by Chris (2010) in the paper “Identification of fungi from
children's shoes” as undesired and produces odour, leading to stinking foot,
mosses foot and a series of other diseases directly affecting physical and
mental health ultimately.
It is important to determine the kind of
microbes on foot wears, verify bacteria levels on footwear and the
effectiveness on open and closed female shoes in reducing those levels inside
and outside the shoe surface (Chris, 2010). Some of the bacteria found on the
shoes are known to cause intestinal and urinary tract infections, meningitis
and diarrhea disease; a common source for wound and bloodstream infections as
well as pneumonia and Serratia a rare cause of infections in
the respiratory tract and wounds (Chris, 2010). The bacteria found in shoes are
not likely to be dangerous because it grows on human feet. Examples include Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus and Corynebacterium (Keiri, 2001).
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
i.
To isolate, identify and
characterize resident microorganism from old foot wears.
ii.
To isolate, identify and
characterize fungi from old foot wears
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