MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FISH POND EFFLUENT IN MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgment                                                                                                                    iv

Table of content                                                                                                                      v

List of tables                                                                                                                           vi

Abstract                                                                                                                                   vii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                                1

1.1       Importance of water                                                                                                    2

1.2       Significance of the Study                                                                                           3

1.4       Aim                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             3

1.3       Objective of the study                                                                                                 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.1       Literature review                                                                                                        4

2.2       Design and Construction of fish pond                                                                        6

2.2.1    General consideration of pond                                                                                   6

2.3       History of fish ponds in MOUAU, Abia State                                                           6

2.4       Fish pond and Microorganisms                                                                                  7

2.5       Faecal coliform in water                                                                                             8

CHAPTER THREE

3.1       Materials and methods                                                                                                10

3.2       Study area                                                                                                                   10

3.3       Collection of fish pond effluent                                                                                 10

3.4       Sterilization of materials and media preparation                                                      10

3.5       Microbiological characteristics                                                                                  10

3.5.1    Isolation of total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi                                                     10

3.4.2    Isolation and identification of microbes                                                                     11

3.4.3    Characterisation of Isolates                                                                                        11

3.4.3.1 Characterisation of fungi isolates                                                                               11

3.4.3.2 Characterisation of bacteria isolates                                                                           11

3.4.4    Identification of isolates                                                                                             12

3.5       Physicochemical Analysis of samples                                                                        12

3.5.1    Determination of Ph                                                                                                   12

3.5.2    Determination of Titratable Acidity (TTA)                                                               12

3.5.3    Measurement of temperature                                                                                     13

3.5.4    Determination of conductivity                                                                                   13

3.5.5    Determination of alkalinity                                                                                        13

3.5.6    Determination of turbidity                                                                                         13

3.5.7    Determination of total solids (TS) by Gravimetric method                                       13

3.5.8    Determination of total dissolved solids (TDS) by Gravimetric method                        14

3.6.9    Determination of Total suspended solids (TSS)                                                         14

3.6       Determination of dissolved oxygen                                                                            14

3.6.1    Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)                                           15

3.6.2    Determination of initial dissolved oxygen (DO₀)                                                       15

3.6.3    Determination of final dissolved oxygen (DO₁)                                                         16

3.6.4    Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)                                                16

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1Result                                                                                                                                 17

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1Discussion                                                                                                                          22

5.2 Conclusion                                                                                                                        26

5.3 Recommendation                                                                                                             26

Reference                                                                                                                                27

Appendix                                                                                                                                30

LIST OF TABLES

Tables                                     Title

1:         Characterization and identification of bacterial isolates                                           17

2:         Colonial, morphological and microscopic features of fungal isolates                        18

3:         Total heterotrophic and coliform count of bacterial count of fish pond effluent  19

4:         Distribution of isolates from the different ponds                                                       19

5:         Occurrence of fungal isolates within ponds                                                              20

6:         Mean value of the physicochemical parameters of fish pond effluent                      21                                                        

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION

Fish and its products are very important to human population all over the world (Njoku et al., 2015). According to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 2002), most of the world’s population (56 percent) derives at least 20 percent of its animal protein intake from fish. This is because fish is the preferred source of much desired animal protein as compared to poultry, beef, mutton or pork. It is comparatively cheaper and highly acceptable with little or no religious bias which gives it advantage over other proteins (Pilips, 2004; Njoku et al., 20015)

As the human populations continue to expand, its reliance on captured and farmed fish production as important source of protein will also increase. Fish like other aquatic animals largely depend on aquatic environments. Water quality is the main factor that determines the degree of production and quality of fish products. The physicochemical and biological properties of water play a significant role in the sanitary and bacteriological quality of water. Fishes which are farmed in poor and or polluted water are not only prone to diseases but can be of health hazard to handlers and consumers (Tiamiyu et ai., 2014).

The decline in global capture fisheries stocks has given the impetus to the aquaculture industry, which has seen a prolific growth over the last half century. Most ocean stocks are now recognised as overfished, and aquaculture (fish farming) is being promoted all over the world to make up the deficit in demand for fish products. The aquaculture industry in the sub-saharan Africa region, like other parts of the world, continues to grow, albeit slowly (Yaw, 2010). FAO (2007) has reported in its State of the World’s Fisheries and Aquaculture report that even though there are signs that the rate of growth for global aquaculture may have peaked, high growth rates may continue for some regions and species, such as the sub-Saharan Africa region and tilapia, respectively.

1.1 IMPORTANCE OF WATER

 Water source is one of the most impn the arid and semi-arid regions that can exhibit the development of sustainable aquaculture. As a consequence, the use of waste water effluents for agriculture and aquaculture is on the rise in developing countries. Recycling waste water for agriculture and aquaculture is not new practice; it dates back more than a century (Ahamdi et al,.2014).

Water which is a neutral oxide of hydrogen with formular, H₂O is one of the most important oxides known. It is abundant in the earth’s crust. Its presence or otherwise is said to influence human settlement (Agbaire, et al., 2015). The importance of water to living things cannot be overemphasized. It is believed to be the reason for life on planet earth. Human needs water for varous purposes, ranging from domestic to industrial uses. All living things depend on water for its existence (Hiremath et al., 2011).

Water being a universal solvent has many substances dissolved in it. These include those that are beneficial and those harmful to man. Its quality therefore depends on factors such as geological morphology, vegetation and land use. Water is the natural habitat of fishes and other aquatic animals; it is therefore of great importance to study water quality while studying fish production especially when done in an artificial setting (Agbaire, et al., 2015)

In human health, water has a profound influence and quality of the water supplied is important in determining the health of individuals and whole communities. Safe water quality is a major concern with reference to public health importance as health and well being of the human race is closely tied up with the quality of water used. Fresh water is finite resource, essential for agriculture, industry and even human existence, without fresh water of adequate quantity and quality, sustainable development will not be possible (Rajiv et al., 2012).

1.2   SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

As a result of high cost of feeding, animal manure has been one alternative that has been used to supplement or completely replace conventional feed in countries like China, India and also Nigeria. However, organic manuring also lead to the release of high concentration of opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms  into the ponds which are of public health concerns, Their presence in fish intended for human consumption may constitute a potential danger not only in causing disease (Omojowo and Omojosola, 2013; Njoku et al., 2015). Fish is in direct contact with micro flora in the environment and the opportunistic pathogens already present in the water invade the host under stress. It is therefore, important to understand the micro flora associated with fish culture environment, since the microbial flora of a cultivated fish is a reflection of its aqueous environment. It is therefore significant to evaluate and monitor the microbial quality of the ponds (Njoku et al., 2015).

1.3  AIM

The aim of this study is to determine the microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics of fish pond effluent from both concrete and earthen fish ponds.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The specific objectives of this study are to:

1      characterize microbial pond effluent quality

2      evaluate the physicochemical properties of fish pond effluents

3      determine the contamination level and sanitary state of the aquatic environment, and

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